{"id":7774,"date":"2017-10-24T09:48:14","date_gmt":"2017-10-24T08:48:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/"},"modified":"2019-03-05T19:07:34","modified_gmt":"2019-03-05T18:07:34","slug":"zlata-tkach","status":"publish","type":"interviews","link":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviuri\/zlata-tkach\/","title":{"rendered":"Zlata Tcaci"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.centropa.org\/photo\/zlata-tkach-her-mother-fania-berehman-and-her-friends\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5779 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1054\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003.jpg 1054w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-1024x680.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1054px) 100vw, 1054px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Moldova<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Zlata Tkaci este o compozitoare renumit\u0103 din Moldova. \u00cenainte de a-i face o vizit\u0103 m-am uitat \u00een Enciclopedia muzical\u0103 publicat\u0103 la Moscova \u00een 1991 unde am citit c\u0103 este autoare de opere, balet, cantate, sonate, etc. Zlata m-a \u00eent\u00e2mpinat \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00eentr-un pulover f\u0103cut de ea \u0219i o fust\u0103 milticolor\u0103. E o persoan\u0103 iute \u0219i mic\u0103 de statur\u0103, o femeie dolofan\u0103 cu un p\u0103r pufos, ro\u0219cat. Zlata are un mod aparte de g\u00e2ndire, unul propriu , un character deschis, \u00eenc\u00e2nt\u0103tor \u0219i artistic. Sunt pu\u021bine detalii p\u0103strate din istoria vie\u021bii sale, doar ni\u0219te reculegeri emo\u021bionale, mai degrab\u0103, ni\u0219te amintiri personale a evenimentelor de atunci. Dup\u0103 moartea so\u021bului Zlata a tr\u0103it singur\u0103 \u00eentr-un apartament cu patru camere, proiectat de a crea impresia unei locuin\u021be spa\u021bioase. Juc\u0103u\u0219a pisic\u0103, Asia, animalul de companie al Zlatei, se crede a fi st\u0103p\u00e2na apartamentului. Un pian se afl\u0103 \u00een biroul ei la care Zlata mai lucreaz\u0103 \u0219i d\u0103 lec\u021bii celor c\u00e2torva studen\u021bi ai ei. Am vorbit \u00een salonul unde sunt dulapuri pline de c\u0103r\u021bi, fotolii, o canapea \u0219i un covor ce se a\u0219terne pe podea. Deasupra canapelei pe perete se succed portrete grafice \u0219i artistice ale st\u0103p\u00e2nului \u0219i st\u0103p\u00e2nei casei, realizate de prieteni de familie, arti\u0219ti din Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Dup\u0103 interviu, Zlata m-a servit cu pe\u0219te umplut \u0219i liqueur de cas\u0103; totul era nespus de delicious. <\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3>Contents<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"#originea-familiei-mele\">Originea familiei mele<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#copil\u0103ria\">Copil\u0103ria<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#perioada-r\u0103zboiului\">Perioada r\u0103zboiului<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#perioada-postbelic\u0103\">Perioada postbelic\u0103<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#glosar\">Glosar<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<div  class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights \"><div  class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h3>Interview details<\/h3>\n<p>Intervievat: Zlata Tcaci<br \/>\nIntervievator: Natalia Fomina<br \/>\nData interviului: Martie 2004<br \/>\nLocul: Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Moldova <\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lgc-clear\"><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-7774 gallery-columns-6 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk001\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK001-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK001-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK001-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5804'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u041a\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d, \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430, \u0411\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1890-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk002\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK002-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5749\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK002-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK002-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5749'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0415\u0444\u0438\u043c \u0422\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u041d\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0422\u043a\u0430\u0447. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0432 1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk003\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5779\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5779'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f, \u043c\u043e\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0424\u0430\u043d\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d (\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435), \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1930 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041c\u044b \u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0443.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk004\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK004-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5786\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK004-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK004-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5786'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1931 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u042f \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c 16 \u043c\u0430\u044f 1928 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041b\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e \u041d\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk005\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK005-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK005-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK005-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5810'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446, \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1940 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1902 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk006\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK006-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5792\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK006-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK006-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5792'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1945 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043b\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u044e\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u044f\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u044f\u043c\u043a\u0435 &#8211; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk007\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK007-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK007-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK007-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5755'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0441 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0415\u0444\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0422\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c (2-\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430) \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0437\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1948 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk008\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK008-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5816\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK008-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK008-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5816'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u044e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043d \u041b\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0440. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1948 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441 &#8211; \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk009\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK009-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK009-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK009-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5822'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u0446 \u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 &#8211; \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435. \u0417\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0420\u0438\u0441\u0441. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1949 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk010\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK010-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK010-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK010-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5773'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0415\u0444\u0438\u043c \u0422\u043a\u0430\u0447. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1962 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0421 \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043c \u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432 1949 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk011\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK011-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5761\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK011-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK011-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5761'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0436 \u0415\u0444\u0438\u043c \u0422\u043a\u0430\u0447 \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1964 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e: \u044f, \u041f\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e, \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0428\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0436, \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk012\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK012-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5798\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK012-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK012-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5798'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 1993 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u042f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0443, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviews\/zlata-tkach\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_moztk013\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK013-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-5767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK013-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK013-45x45.jpg 45w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-5767'>\n\t\t\t\t\u042d\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0441 \u0441\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0422\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041a\u0438\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0432 2003 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u043c\u0443\u0436\u0430.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"originea-familiei-mele\">Originea familiei mele<\/h2>\n<p>Bunelul din partea mamei mele, Mendel Kofman, s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anii 1870 \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i \u0219i-a tr\u0103it aici toat\u0103 via\u021ba sa. C\u00e2nd eram mic\u0103, am locuit \u00een apartamentul bunelului meu cu patru camere de pe strada Lankasterskaia, \u00een partea de jos a Chi\u0219in\u0103ului. O strad\u0103 care deja demult nu mai exist\u0103.Bunelul meu era un om de afecere \u0219i ca mul\u021bi al\u021bii avea succese \u0219i insuccese. Era profund religios , se ruga de dou\u0103 ori pe zi, diminea\u021ba \u0219i seara, purt\u00e2nd talit \u0219i tefilin. El se retr\u0103gea \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 pentru a se ruga, dar eu eram foarte curioas\u0103 \u0219i \u00eel urmam \u00een secret, fiind interesat\u0103 de procesul propriu-zis. Nu \u0219tiam daca se duce \u00een fiecare zi la sinagog\u0103, dar cu siguran\u021b\u0103 o f\u0103cea de s\u0103rb\u0103tori. Acas\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna purta o iarmulka. Se \u00eembr\u0103ca permanent elegant \u0219i cu acurate\u021be, bunica av\u00e2nd grij\u0103 de hainele sale. Fotografiile bunelului meu s-au pierdut \u0219i nu \u021bin minte dac\u0103 avea barb\u0103 sau nu.<\/p>\n<p>Bunica mea, Riva Kofman, era cu c\u00e2\u021biva ani mai t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 dec\u00e2t bunelul. Nu-mi amintesc numele ei de fat\u0103, dar era o gospodin\u0103 impecabil\u0103. \u021ain minte ce cur\u0103\u021benie ideal\u0103 se afla \u00een casa lor, sut\u0103 la sut\u0103 perfect\u0103. Buneii mei au vorbit idi\u0219 \u0219i acum datorit\u0103 lor \u00een\u021beleg limba. Ambii au murit \u00eenainte de Marele R\u0103zboi pentru Ap\u0103rarea Patriei (vezi Marele R\u0103zboi pentru Ap\u0103rarea Patriei) [1], de la mijlocul anilor 1930. Bunelul murise primul \u0219i bunica \u00eel urmase nu mai t\u00e2rziu de un an. Nu m\u0103 \u00eendoiesc de faptul c\u0103 au fost \u00eenmorm\u00e2nta\u021bi conform ritului evreisc, dar aveam \u0219apte ani \u0219i, cu greu, \u00eemi amintesc de acele evenimente. Cu toate acestea, p\u0103rin\u021bii mei m-au protejat de emo\u021bii negative \u0219i \u00een timpul funeraliilor m-au l\u0103sat cu ni\u0219te cunoscu\u021bi de-ai lor. Buneii mei au avut dou\u0103 fiice. Sora cea mai mare a mamei mele era cas\u0103torit\u0103 cu Mordekhai Lerner. \u0218i m\u0103tu\u0219a Esther tr\u0103ia la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Fiul ei Aron era cu opt ani mai mare. \u00cenainte de r\u0103zboi Aron studia vioara la Conservator.<\/p>\n<p>Mama mea, Fania Kofman, s-a n\u0103scut la Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u00een 1905. Ea absolvise \u0219coala de gramatic\u0103 unde se num\u0103ra printre elevii cei mai buni \u0219i silitori. Avea auz muzical \u0219i c\u00e2nta foarte bine. Era mediu \u00eenalt\u0103, avea p\u0103r cafeniu, fa\u021ba rotund\u0103 \u0219i ochii negri. Cea mai remarcabil\u0103 tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 a ei o constituia bl\u00e2nde\u021bea. Mama mea era o femeie frumoas\u0103 , dar ajunsese un pic cam dolofan\u0103 c\u00e2nd devenise adolescent, din motive inexplicabile. Nu era obligat\u0103 s\u0103 lucreze. S-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu tat\u0103l meu, fiind foarte t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103, astfel ajung\u00e2nd s\u0103 fie gospodin\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Buneii mei din partea tat\u0103lui de asemenea au tr\u0103it la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, dar nu \u0219tiu unde s-au n\u0103scut. Nu l-am cunoscut pe bunelul meu, Ben\u021bion Berehman. El a murit t\u00e2n\u0103r \u00een 1910. Acesta se ocupa cu producerea prunelor uscate pe care le prelucra \u00een satul Lozova, localitate ce se afl\u0103 aproape de Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Cump\u0103ra prune de soi vengherka pe care le usca \u00een cutii lozni\u021ba (cutii speciale pentru uscarea prunelor). Bunelul era proprietarul unui complex \u00eentreg de producere a prunelor. Afacerea lui fiind una profitabil\u0103, deoarece prunele uscate erau la mare cerere \u00een \u021bar\u0103 \u0219i chiar o parte din ele erau exportate peste hotare. Bunica mea, Kenia Berehman, a preluat afecerea dup\u0103 moartea sa. Ajunsese o imperioas\u0103 femeie de afaceri. Avea \u00een posesie casa de pe strada Lankasterskaia, dou\u0103 sau trei case nu departe de noi. Locuin\u021ba bunicii avea \u0219apte camere \u0219i un coridor. \u00cen curtea mare a casei se afla o pivni\u021b\u0103, por\u021bi ce duceau \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103 \u0219i \u00een aceasta din urm\u0103 cre\u0219teau mure, locul meu preferat de joac\u0103. Jum\u0103tate de cas\u0103 era dat\u0103 \u00een chirie pentru a ob\u021bine un venit adi\u021bional. Nu pot s\u0103-mi amintesc dac\u0103 bunica avea sau nu servitor. Dar sunt sigur\u0103 c\u0103 reu\u0219ea s\u0103 le fac\u0103 pe toate datorit\u0103 energiei pe care o de\u021binea. \u0218i-a crescut doi fii ai s\u0103i.<\/p>\n<p>Fratele meu mai mare, Isaac, a studiat peste hotare ca mul\u021bi al\u021bi tineri din Basarabia [2]. El a absolvit Facultatea de Drept din Italia \u0219i a lucrat avocat la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Unchiul Isaac era c\u0103s\u0103torit. Numele so\u021biei sale era Janna. El a murit \u00een 1973. Janna murise un pic mai \u00eenainte. Fiul lor Boris a tr\u0103it \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u.<\/p>\n<p>Tat\u0103l meu, Moisei Berehman, s-a n\u0103scut la Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u00een 1902. Mo\u0219tenise dorin\u021ba puternic\u0103 \u0219i energia extraordinar\u0103 a bunicii Kenia. Avea harul muzicii \u0219i a absolvit vioara la Conservator. \u0218i de asemenea a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat instrumete muzicale de suflat la Conservator. A c\u00e2ntat la trompet\u0103, trombon, cornet. Dup\u0103 absolvirea Conservatorului, tat\u0103l meu a predat vioara la Conservator \u0219i d\u0103dea lec\u021bii particulare. El a fondat o orchestr\u0103 mic\u0103 alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din studen\u021bii s\u0103i. Tat\u0103l meu era un om chipe\u0219 \u0219i firesc c\u0103 femeile erau atrase de el. \u0218i, ca orice fire de artist, era iub\u0103re\u021b, ca rezultat mama va tr\u0103i timpuri grele din acest punct de vedre.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><i class=\"fa fa-arrow-circle-up\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"copil\u0103ria\">Copil\u0103ria<\/h2>\n<p>Nu \u0219tiu cum s-a \u00eent\u00e2lnit, dar \u0219tiu cu siguran\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 p\u0103rin\u021bii mei s-au c\u0103s\u0103torit din dragoste. Aceasta s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een 1927. Mama mi-a spus c\u0103 ei au avut o nunt\u0103 tradi\u021bional evreiasc\u0103 cu chuppah. M-am n\u0103scut pe 16 mai, 1928 la Lozova, raionul Nisporeni unde bunica mea Kenia a \u021binut o afacere \u0219i, probabil, p\u0103rin\u021bii mei au tr\u0103it un timp acolo. C\u00e2nd am \u00eemplinit 3 ani ne-am mutat la Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u00eempreun\u0103 cu p\u0103rin\u021bii mamei mele. Ei au avut un apartament la etajul doi. Apartamentul avea un coridor mare, o buc\u0103t\u0103rie , c\u00e2teva camera \u0219i un closet. Buneii \u0219i p\u0103rin\u021bii mei aveau dormitoare separate. Mai era o sufragerie mare \u0219i un salon unde se afla pianul la care tat\u0103l meu preda orele. \u0218i eu am dormit \u00een salonul acesta: aveam o mas\u0103 \u0219i o canapea \u00een col\u021b. Lec\u021biile particulare de pian aveau loc c\u00e2nd eram la \u0219coal\u0103. Aveam o femeie ce trebuia s\u0103  \u021bin\u0103 casa curat\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 aduc\u0103 produse alimentare. Mama nu pleca la magazin.<\/p>\n<p>Familia mea ducea un mod de via\u021b\u0103 tradi\u021bional evreiesc \u0219i-mi pl\u0103cea orice legat de tradi\u021biile evreie\u0219ti. Era ca \u0219i cum tr\u0103iam \u00eenv\u0103luit\u0103 de-o poveste. E minunat c\u00e2nd dou\u0103 sau trei genera\u021bii tr\u0103iesc \u00eempreun\u0103. \u0218ase dintre noi \u0219edeau la o mas\u0103 triunghiular\u0103, cred c\u0103 bunica \u0219i bunelul, tat\u0103l \u0219i mama mea, eu \u0219i sora bunicii mele. O fa\u021b\u0103 de mas\u0103 alb\u0103 acoperea masa cu argint\u0103rie pe ea. \u0219i acum mai am o lingur\u0103 de argint ce \u00eemi aminte\u0219te de timpurile c\u00e2nd \u0219edeam la mas\u0103 \u0219i cei mai mari m\u00e2ncau \u00eencet, total diferit de modul \u00een care ast\u0103zi noi ciugulim repede m\u00e2ncarea.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cemi amintesc cum de s\u0103rb\u0103tori bunelul Mendel citea o rug\u0103ciune st\u00e2nd \u00een capul mesei, astfel cre\u00e2nd  o atmosfer\u0103 solemn\u0103 \u0219i plin\u0103 de sfin\u021benie, ceea ce m\u0103 f\u0103cea pe mine s\u0103 cred at\u00e2t de mult. De Pa\u0219te m\u00e2ncam dintr-o vesel\u0103 ce se afla \u00eenchis\u0103 \u00eentr-un bufet  tot anul. Apropo, eu aveam propia mea vesel\u0103 de Pa\u0219te \u0219i hilin (A\u0219kenazi o tradi\u021bie evreiasc\u0103: ustensile de buc\u0103t\u0103rie pentru fiecare zi). \u00cemi aduc aminte cum p\u0103rin\u021bii mei m\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021bau acele ka\u0219, patru \u00eentreb\u0103ri ce trebuiau s\u0103 fie adresate de Pa\u0219te: Mah nishtanah halaylah hazeh mikol halaylot  \u00een ivrit, cu toate c\u0103 nu cunosc ivrit \u00eenc\u0103 mai \u021bin minte c\u00e2teva fr\u00e2nturi din ka\u0219e. E uimitor cum r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een amintire ni\u0219te lucruri, de\u0219i nu-mi amintesc alte detalii.Mai t\u00e2rziu r\u0103zboiul mi-a \u0219ters foarte multe lucruri din memoria mea.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0103rin\u021bii mei mergeau la sinagog\u0103 la fiecare s\u0103rb\u0103toare. C\u00e2teodat\u0103 m\u0103 luau cu ei \u0219i eu \u0219edeam cu mama \u0219i alte femei la balcon, dar b\u0103rba\u021bii la primul etaj, ceea ce \u00eemi amintesc foarte bine. Nu \u021bin minte cum ar\u0103ta sinagoga, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eemi amintesc celebrarea Anului Nou -Ro\u0219 Ha\u0219anah, cu feluri speciale de m\u00e2ncare pe mas\u0103: mere, miere \u0219i challah rotunde. Chanukkah era s\u0103rb\u0103toarea cea mai vesel\u0103 cu mul\u021bi oaspe\u021bi, juc\u0103rii colorate \u0219i ghirlande cu care bunica \u00eempodobea camerele.Dansam \u0219i ne distram mult. Ne d\u0103deau cadouri \u0219i nu \u021bin minte dac\u0103 \u0219i bani, dar nu \u2013mi p\u0103sa de asta.<\/p>\n<p>Purim de asemenea era o s\u0103rb\u0103toare minunat\u0103 ce \u00eemi pl\u0103cea foarte mult cu hamanta\u0219en delicious \u0219i fluden: alune fierte \u00een miere, tari \u0219i dulci  \u0219i-mi pl\u0103ceau ma mult dec\u00e2t hamanta\u0219en. Ne veneau oaspe\u021bi \u0219i oameni masca\u021bi \u0219i eu aveam un costum de Pinocchio.<\/p>\n<p>Tat\u0103l meu era muzician \u0219i mama era foarte muzical\u0103, \u0219i \u00eentotdeauna muzica d\u0103inuia \u00een casa noastr\u0103. C\u00e2nd am \u00eemplinit trei ani tat\u0103l meu a \u00eenceput s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be la vioar\u0103. Aveam o mic\u0103 vioar\u0103 Quaver, un instrument foarte rar. C\u00e2nd devenisem mai mare \u00eencepusem s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b pianul. Profesorul meu era domni\u0219oara Kaplun. \u00cen fiecare duminica diminea\u021ba aveau loc partituri \u00eempreun\u0103 cu orchestra tat\u0103lui meu \u00een salonul nostru. Eu c\u00e2ntam la pian \u0219i mama m\u0103 acompania uneori cu vocea, era at\u00e2t de festiv. Devenise o tradi\u021bie, un fel de festival familial care acum cu regret s-a pierdut. Talentul meu \u00een muzic\u0103 s-a manifestat devreme, la v\u00e2rsta de patru ani deja concertam pe scen\u0103. Dar nu \u021bin minte unde, \u00eens\u0103  cu siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00eemi amintesc mica mea vioar\u0103 \u0219i scena.<\/p>\n<p>N-am avut d\u0103dac\u0103, mama m-a educat \u0219i a avut grij\u0103 de mine. Era o mam\u0103 minunat\u0103, dedicat\u0103, ginga\u0219\u0103 \u0219i \u00een\u021beleapt\u0103. Tat\u0103l meu era pasionat de sport, facea \u00eennotul \u0219i parcurgea distan\u021be lungi. \u021ain minte cum venea pe jos de la Lozova p\u00e2n\u0103 la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. \u0218i-a dorit s\u0103 m\u0103 fac\u0103 sportiv\u0103, c\u00e2nd \u00eemplinisem \u0219ase ani \u00eencepuse s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be s\u0103 \u00eennot. Am mers la o piscina de l\u00e2ng\u0103 gara feroviar\u0103 unde am \u00eennotat \u021bin\u00e2ndu-m\u0103 de spatele tat\u0103lui meu. Odat\u0103 s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat s\u0103 lunec de pe el \u0219i am \u00eenceput s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eenec. M-a ridicat \u00een sus, dar reu\u0219isem s\u0103 \u00eenghit mult\u0103 ap\u0103 \u0219i de atunci \u00eenainte mi-e era fric\u0103 de ap\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0103rin\u021bii mei vorbeau \u0219i ivrit, \u0219i rusa cu mine acas\u0103, dar am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 scriu mai \u00eent\u00e2i \u00een rus\u0103. Am \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd  frecventam \u0219coala cu predare \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 de pe strada Harlampevskaia. \u021ain minte foarte bine prima mea zi de \u0219coal\u0103. Ne-au alineat \u00een curtea \u0219colii, directorul nostru, Bugaeva, provenea dintr-o familie nobil\u0103 rus\u0103. A \u021binut un discurs frumos \u0219i s-a apropiat de fiecare dintre noi, ne-a m\u00e2ng\u00e2iat pe cap, spun\u00e2nd  c\u0103 \u00eencepem s\u0103 avem ni\u0219te  resonsabilit\u0103\u021bi care trebuie a fi luate \u00een mod serios pentru a deveni oameni decen\u021bi. Totul era at\u00e2t de solemn ca la inaugura\u021bia unui pre\u0219edinte. Noi purtam uniforme negre  \u0219i \u0219or\u021buri albe, p\u0103rul era prins cu buc\u0103\u021bi mici de cauciuc. Am prins rom\u00e2na foarte repede \u0219i am avut rezultate foarte bune. Bugaeva ne-a predat lucru manual.  Am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 \u00eempletesc, s\u0103 brodez \u0219i s\u0103 preg\u0103tesc m\u00e2ncare. De asemenea ne-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat cum s\u0103 ne \u00eembr\u0103c\u0103m \u0219i s\u0103 ne purt\u0103m. Era o doamn\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2nt\u0103toare, prietenoas\u0103 \u0219i cu tact.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 absolvirea \u0219colii primare am plecat la o \u0219coal\u0103 de gramatic\u0103, Regina Maria de pe strada Podolskaia. Aveam o rom\u00e2n\u0103 foarte bun\u0103 la acea vreme \u0219i eram o elev\u0103 exemplar\u0103 \u0219i foarte silitoare, cu note excelente aproape la toate disciplinele. Nu eram prea bun\u0103 la obiectele socio-umaniste, dar reu\u0219eam  destul de bine la altele. Cea mai mare not\u0103 o de\u021bineam la matematic\u0103. Profesoarea noastr\u0103 de matematic\u0103 era o femeie dur\u0103. C\u00e2nd cineva r\u0103spundea gre\u0219it ea spunea: \u201eAi un cap plin de paie \u0219i o gaur\u0103 \u00een el\u201d, dar totu\u0219i to\u021bi profesorii erau educa\u021bi. Pu\u021bine fete de origine evreiasc\u0103 frecventau \u0219coala de gramatic\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 nu am \u00eent\u00e2mpinat nici o atitudine prejudicioas\u0103 din partea celorlal\u021bi. Probabil c\u0103 nivelul \u00eenalt de educa\u021bie al profesorilor le explic\u0103 pe toate. \u0218i copiii de asemenea proveneau din familii bune, Regina Maria era considerat\u0103 a fi o \u0219coal\u0103 prestigioas\u0103 cu o disciplin\u0103 strict\u0103. O alt\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103 de gramatic\u0103 se afla \u00een ora\u0219, Principesa Dadiani unde se prteda franceza. Cu p\u0103rere de r\u0103u, nu am studiat prea mult timp franceza \u0219i din aceast\u0103 cauz\u0103 nu o cunosc prea bine. <\/p>\n<p>Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103  f\u0103ceam ore de vioar\u0103 \u0219i pian astfel nu prea aveam timp liber. \u00cen momentele rare de timp liber ap\u0103rute p\u0103rin\u021bii nu-mi d\u0103deau voie s\u0103 m\u0103 joc cu ceilal\u021bi copii din curte care probabil c\u0103 aveau o alt\u0103 mentalitate. Dar, \u00een schimb, m\u0103 duceau la cofet\u0103ria de pe strada Aleksandrobskaia, strad\u0103 principal\u0103 \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u, unde m\u00e2ncam \u00eenghe\u021bat\u0103. Strada Aleksandrovskaia era pavat\u0103 cu pietri\u0219 ca majoritatea altor str\u0103zi din Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i tramvaiul circula pe acolo. Case cu un etaj, unele din ele destul  de dr\u0103gu\u021be, multe magazine foste propriet\u0103\u021bi ale evreilor se aflau pe acea strad\u0103. Chi\u0219in\u0103ul avea pu\u021bine pie\u021bi \u0219i parcuri, unul din cele mai vechi  cu monumentul lui \u0218tefan cel Mare (domnitorul Moldovei din 1457-1504, care dus o politic\u0103 de unificare a \u021b\u0103rii). \u021ain minte c\u0103 s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat un  cutremur teribil \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 1940. A avut loc noaptea, dormeam \u00een col\u021bul meu de l\u00e2ng\u0103 peretele de-afar\u0103. Tat\u0103l meu m-a \u00een\u0219v\u0103cat \u0219i-a alergat afar\u0103 \u00een momentul \u00een care peretele l\u00e2ng\u0103 care dormeam se surpase pe patul meu.Mi-a salvat via\u021ba.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen anii 1930, c\u00e2nd Cuzi\u021bii [3] au venit la putere s-au \u00eenceput necazurile, p\u0103rin\u021bii mei erau foarte preocupa\u021bi de faptul c\u0103 au ap\u0103rut elemente de anti-semitism. Tinerii au ie\u0219it \u00een strad\u0103 s\u0103 m\u0103r\u0219\u0103luiasc\u0103 \u0219i au ap\u0103rut ciocniri de for\u021b\u0103. Poate c\u0103 de aceea p\u0103rin\u021bii mei au fost foarte bucuro\u0219i c\u0103 Basarabia a fost anexat\u0103 la Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 (vezi anexarea Basarabiei la Uniunea Sovietic\u0103) [4]. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 toate acestea nu aveam nici o idee ce p\u0103rea s\u0103 fie URSS. Ni se spunea c\u0103 fiecare este egal, dar suna at\u00e2t de naiv. Eram doar curioas\u0103 la cei doisprezece ani ai mei. \u00cemi amintesc de trupele Armatei Ro\u0219ii  c\u00e2nd intraser\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219, m\u0103r\u0219eluind pe strad\u0103. S-a format o nou\u0103 administra\u021bie. Se f\u0103ceau glume pe seama so\u021biilor militarior, care cup\u0103raser\u0103 m\u0103sline pentru a face magiun. Desigur ca so\u021biile militarilor sovietici  nu aveau o cultur\u0103 foarte \u00eenalt\u0103. Se pare c\u0103 via\u021ba familiei mele nu s-a schimbat prea mult, tat\u0103l lucra profesor \u0219i noi locuiam \u00een apartamentul nostru. Totu\u0219i bunica a l\u0103sat o parte a casei sale pentru chiria\u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 a cere bani de la ei. Ea spunea: l\u0103sa\u021bi-i  s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 aici, eu nu am nevoie de plata lor. \u00cen clasa a \u0219asea am plecat la o \u0219coal\u0103 cu predare \u00een limba rus\u0103.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><i class=\"fa fa-arrow-circle-up\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"perioada-r\u0103zboiului\">Perioada r\u0103zboiului<\/h2>\n<p>Pe data de 22 iunie 1941 a \u00eenceput r\u0103zboiul. Familia noastr\u0103 a avut diferite p\u0103reri cu privire la evacuare, unii erau pro, al\u021bii contra. Unchiul meu, Mordekhai, era categoric \u00eempotriva evacu\u0103rii. El spunea:Nu plec de aici, astfel r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd a murit \u00een ghetou-ul din Transnistria [5]. Fiul lor Aron a fost mobilizat de Armata sovietic\u0103 chiar \u00een prima zi de r\u0103zboi, supravie\u021buind  \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u00e2nd ziua Victoriei \u00een Ungaria. Dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi a revenit la Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i-a lucrat la Orchestra Simfonic\u0103 de Stat a Moldovei. S-a c\u0103s\u0103torit \u0219i-au avut o fat\u0103. A murit de cancer la v\u00e2rsta de 53 de ani, la \u00eenceputul anilor 1970. Fiica lui Janna tr\u0103ie\u0219te la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, dar fiica ei Lisa s-a mutat in Israel.<\/p>\n<p>Tat\u0103l meu a demonstrat t\u0103rie \u0219i ac\u021biune, el a aranjat pentru mama, bunica, Kenia, \u0219i mine s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103sim Chi\u0219in\u0103ul cu trenul. A avut loc un raid aerian l\u00e2ng\u0103 Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i refugia\u021bii \u0219i-au \u00een\u0219f\u0103cat lucrurile, s\u0103rind din tren. Cineva spunea c\u0103 era mai bine s\u0103  se ascund\u0103 sub vagoanele de tren, dar tat\u0103l meu  ne-a scos \u00een c\u00e2mp \u0219i acest lucru ne-a salvat vie\u021bile. O bomb\u0103 a lovit vagonul nostru. \u00cemi amintesc foarte bine cum am ajuns \u00een nordul Caucazului pe o platform\u0103 de tren descoperit\u0103, pe drum m\u00e2ncam orice putea fi schimbat pe lucruri personale. Am cobor\u00e2t \u00een Ordjonikidze, tat\u0103l a fost mobilizat \u00een armat\u0103 \u0219i trimis la punctul de distribuire din ora\u0219ul Prohladnoie de l\u00e2ng\u0103 Ordjonikidze. Mama plecase s\u0103-l vad\u0103. Linia de front se apropia de ora\u0219 fapt ce ne-a determinat s\u0103 ne mut\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>Trei dintre noi am luat trenul de marf\u0103 ce se \u00eendrepta spre Makhacikala [1700 km de la Chi\u0219in\u0103u], port situat la Marea Caspic\u0103 . Aproape de Mahkacikala ni s-a spus s\u0103 cobor\u00e2m men\u021bion\u00e2nd c\u0103:\u201dAcesta este sf\u00e2r\u0219itul c\u0103ii ferate. Pute\u021bi ajunge cu camionul sau orice altceva\u201d. C\u00e2teva familii s-au unit, \u0219i-au \u00eenchiriat un camion  \u00een schimbul unor lucruri  pentru a achita c\u0103l\u0103toria. \u0218oferii erau ceceni sau de alt\u0103 na\u021bionalitate \u0219i vorbeau o limb\u0103 pe care n-o \u00een\u021belegeam. Unuia dintre oameni nu i-a pl\u0103cut comportamentul lor, probabil c\u0103-\u0219i doreau s\u0103 ne jefuiasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 ne abandoneze pe drum, dar, spre marele nostru noroc, trecea o coloan\u0103 de camioane ce pleca \u00een partea opus\u0103. B\u0103rbatul a s\u0103rit din camion \u0219i- a vorbit cu militarul despre situa\u021bia lor. Militarul ne-a oferit transport pentru a ajunge la Makhacikala : \u00eentotdeauna se g\u0103sesc oameni minuna\u021bi. Era groaznic la Makhacikala, sute de oameni a\u0219tept\u00e2nd corabia pentru a pleca \u00een Asia Central\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Am stat \u00een aer liber c\u00e2teva nop\u021bi. Mi-amintesc despre un episod: se \u00eensera, devenise rece \u0219i neconfortabil. St\u0103team culcat\u0103 pe bagajele noastre \u0219i \u00een dreptul locului unde m\u0103 aflam s-au aprins lumini la primul etaj. M-am uitat peste fereastr\u0103, neput\u00e2nd-mi lua ochii de la scena  casnic\u0103 ce se petrecea \u00een fa\u021ba mea: o mas\u0103 \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 luminoas\u0103 \u0219i roz cu dou\u0103 fete \u0219ez\u00e2nd la ea. M-am uitat la ele \u0219i dou\u0103 lacrimi mari mi-au ap\u0103rut pe fa\u021b\u0103. \u00cembarcarea pe corabie a fost anun\u021bat\u0103 i-am urmat pe al\u021bii, fiind \u00eengrozit\u0103 de faptul c\u0103 nimeni nu era l\u00e2ng\u0103 mine nici bunica \u0219i nici mama. M-am pierdut. \u0218i-am \u00eenceput s\u0103 strig: \u201eMama! Mama!.\u201d Cineva mi-a spus: \u201eMama ta e pe corabie deja.\u201d Aveam treisprezece ani trebuia s\u0103 fi \u0219tiut c\u0103 mama nu s-ar fi urcat niciodat\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 mine, dar l-am crezut \u0219i-am urcat. Mama \u0219i bunica st\u0103teau pe mal. O t\u0103t\u0103roaic\u0103, care avea doi copii cu ea, a \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bit m\u00e2ncarea cu mine.<\/p>\n<p>Am cobor\u00e2t \u00een Krasnovodsk [ast\u0103zi Turkmenba\u0219i -575 km de la Makhachkala].De acolo am fost lua\u021bi \u00eentr-un sat (aul). Am locuit cu acea familie , dar nu le \u021bin minte numele. Se credea c\u0103 ei m\u0103 vor trimite mai t\u00e2rziu la un azil de copii. Cre\u0219teau  copaci saxaul  \u00een acel aul, crengile c\u0103rora  se foloseau \u00een alimenta\u021bie \u00een acea regiune. Din ele se cocea o p\u00e2ine plat\u0103 pe jeratec. Aveau pu\u021bin\u0103 m\u00e2ncare, chiar \u0219i brichete de resturi de r\u0103s\u0103rit\u0103 presat\u0103 era greu de g\u0103sit. \u0218i-am decis s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103sesc aceast\u0103 familie pentru a pleca la Namangan [1625 km de la Krasnovodsk], care se afla 30 kilometri de acel sat  cu scopul de a g\u0103si un azil. C\u00e2nd am ajuns la Namangan spre noroc ma-m ciocnit de o evreic\u0103. Se \u00eent\u00e2mpla s\u0103 fie directorul unui azil pentru copii din Drogobici [regiunea Lvov]. O chema Rosa Abramovna, dar i-am uitat numele de familie. Ea a fost arestat\u0103 \u00een 1945 sau 1946, nu \u0219tiu din ce cauz\u0103. Avea o inim\u0103 plin\u0103 de bun\u0103tate \u0219i m-a luat cu ea.<\/p>\n<p>Astfel am \u00eenceput  s\u0103 tr\u0103iesc la azil \u0219i s\u0103 frecventez \u0219coala. Aveam suficient\u0103 m\u00e2ncare, dormeam c\u00e2te patru-cinci copii \u00eentr-o camer\u0103. La v\u00e2rsta mea nu era o problem\u0103. Acum nu-mi place s\u0103 \u00eempart camera cu nimeni la sanatoriu. I-am spus Rosei c\u0103 pot c\u00e2nta la vioar\u0103 \u0219i pian \u0219i ea m-a \u00eens\u0103rcinat imediat s\u0103 formez o trup\u0103 de copii de la azil, a g\u0103sit c\u00e2teva poezii patriotice \u0219i a compus c\u00e2ntecul Trupele Armatei Ro\u0219ii. Am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat acest c\u00e2ntec \u0219i chiar un dans pentru scen\u0103. Am mo\u0219tenit energia tat\u0103lui meu. Mai t\u00e2rziu trupa noastr\u0103 a participat la Olimpiada de Arte pentru amatori din Ta\u0219kent. Am avut un succes mare \u0219i-am ocupat locul doi. Roza Abramovna era foarte fericit\u0103 \u0219i ne-a oferit o por\u021biune  ad\u0103ug\u0103toare pentru arti\u0219ti. Era uimitor , dar nu-mi amintesc nici un nume de copil.<\/p>\n<p>Via\u021ba de la azil era total diferit\u0103 de cea de la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, dar nu era at\u00e2t de rea pentru mine. Aveam paisprezece ani, plin\u0103 de energie \u0219i muzica mine, m-am \u00eenscris \u00een r\u00e2ndurile Komsomolului [6]. Pe nesim\u021bite am devenit ateist ca oricare copil sovietic. Roza Abramovna m-a ajutat s\u0103-mi g\u0103sesc mama \u0219i bunica. Ea a scris \u00een Buguruslan, regiunea Orenburg (ast\u0103zi Rusia), unde a fost deschis un birou de investiga\u021bii \u0219i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, 1943 mama mi-a r\u0103spuns. A\u0219a se \u00eent\u00e2mplase c\u0103 ele se aflau \u00een Kokand [aproximativ 100 km dep\u0103rtare] l\u00e2ng\u0103 Namangan. Mama m\u0103 c\u0103utase tot timpul. Ea \u0219i bunica erau epuizate \u0219i mizerabile. S-au muta la Namangan.Rosa Abramovna a angajat-o pe mama \u00een calitate de d\u0103dac\u0103 la azil. Mama primea hran\u0103 la azil \u0219i-i aducea \u0219i bunicii. Ele au \u00eenchiriat  o camer\u0103 \u0219i eu am plecat s\u0103 tr\u0103iesc cu ele.<\/p>\n<p>Tat\u0103l meu \u0219i-a f\u0103cut serviciul militar \u00een orchestra plutonului.  De\u0219i avea congestiune venoas\u0103\u0219i nu se potrivea pentru serviciul militar \u0219i a fost demobilizat \u00een 1943. A plecat la Ta\u0219chent sper\u00e2nd s\u0103 ne g\u0103seasc\u0103, dar nu era at\u00e2t de u\u0219or. C\u00e2nd tat\u0103l meu sedea la gara feroviar\u0103 un cunoscut de la Chi\u0219in\u0103u l-a numit pe nume, Moisei! \u0218tii c\u0103 familia ta e la Namangan? Imagineaz\u0103-\u021bi! Unul dintr-o mie! \u00cen Namangan tat\u0103l meu a mers s\u0103 lucreze la \u0218coala Militar\u0103 de Muzic\u0103  evacuat\u0103 din Moscova [ast\u0103zi Rusia]. El a predat clasa tobei, trompeta francez\u0103, franceza: era foarte apreciat pentru faptul c\u0103  \u0219tia s\u0103 c\u00e2nte la instrumente de suflat. Ne-am reunit familia. Rudele noastre au \u00eenceput s\u0103 se mute la Namangan: fratele mamei mele, Isaac \u0219i rudele \u00eendep\u0103rtate ale ale bunicii mele Kenia. Via\u021ba era destul de grea si aveam pu\u021bin\u0103 m\u00e2ncare.  O boal\u0103 teribil\u0103 se r\u0103sp\u00e2ndise \u00een zon\u0103, se numea \u0219pru. Putea s\u0103 fie distrofie. Foametea genera o diaree de lung\u0103 durat\u0103 \u0219i moartea. Bunica noastr\u0103 Kenia \u00eencerca s\u0103 ne sus\u021bin\u0103, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 are mult\u0103 m\u00e2ncare \u0219i le-o d\u0103dea toat\u0103 fiilor s\u0103i. Ea s-a \u00eemboln\u0103vit de \u0219pru \u0219i a murit. Ea a fost \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat\u0103 la cimitirul ora\u0219ului Namangan.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput reevacuarea, Zlobin, directorul \u0218colii Militare de Muzic\u0103, a \u00eencercat s\u0103-l conving\u0103 s\u0103 vin\u0103 la Moscova, Vreau s\u0103 \u00eentorc acas\u0103, la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. \u00cen august 1944 Armata Sovietic\u0103 a eliberat Chi\u0219in\u0103ul \u0219i noi ne-am \u00eentors acas\u0103, dar nu a mai r\u0103mas nimic din casa noastr\u0103. Chi\u0219in\u0103u era ruinat. Doar o gr\u0103mad\u0103 de pietre mai au mai r\u0103mas de la casa bunicii mele Kenia. \u00cen casa de vizavi o moldoveanc\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u021binea g\u0103inile \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 ce avea o fereastr\u0103 \u00een tavanul casei. Ne-a l\u0103sat s\u0103 tr\u0103im aici. Am f\u0103cut curat, am dat cu var pere\u021bii \u0219i ne-am mutat \u00een acea camer\u0103. Mai t\u00e2rziu, noi am avut o alt\u0103 camer\u0103 mic\u0103, care ar\u0103ta ca un coridor, dar avea o fereastr\u0103. Tradi\u021bia noastr\u0103 de dinaintea r\u0103zboiului de a a\u0219eza o mas\u0103 acoperit\u0103 cu o fa\u021b\u0103 de mas\u0103 alb\u0103 ca z\u0103pada a disp\u0103rut precum \u0219i tradi\u021biile evreie\u0219ti: noi supravie\u021buiam. Tat\u0103l s-a angajat la o \u0219coal\u0103 muzical\u0103, nu avea lec\u021bii particulare \u0219i via\u021ba noastr\u0103 devenise grea.<\/p>\n<p>Am absolvit nou\u0103 clase \u00een evacuare. C\u00e2nd am revenit m-am ciocnit de profesorul de matematic\u0103, Lidia Samoilovna. Ea m\u0103 \u021binea bine minte \u0219i preda la o \u0219coal\u0103 de elit\u0103 nr 2 [7]. Mi-a spus: S-o lu\u00eem pe aceast\u0103 fat\u0103 la \u0219coala noastr\u0103. Astfel am ajuns s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b \u00een clasa a zecea \u0219i  de asemenea am \u00eenceput s\u0103 lucrez caeducator muzical la o gr\u0103dini\u021b\u0103. Nu pl\u0103teau mult, dar ne d\u0103deau m\u00e2ncare pe care o puteam lua acas\u0103. Compuneam muzic\u0103 pentru copii. \u00cemi amintesc de c\u00e2ntecul Frunzuli\u021be: \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439. \u041b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435. Copiilor le-a pl\u0103cut. S-a terminat r\u0103zboiul. Ziua Victoriei [8] este o zi foarte, foarte mare. S-a organizat un careu la \u0219coal\u0103. Totu\u0219i pentru mine Ziua Victoriei se asociaz\u0103 cu c\u00e2ntecul  \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044c \u041f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0434\u044b de david Tuhmanov [David Tuhmanov, compositor de origine evreiasc\u0103, un compozitor sovietic renumit]. Cred c\u0103 e un c\u00e2ntec extraordinar.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><i class=\"fa fa-arrow-circle-up\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"perioada-postbelic\u0103\">Perioada postbelic\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>Tat\u0103l meu era fericit c\u0103 lucrez \u00een domeniul muzicii \u0219i avea o atitudine pozitiv\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de experien\u021ba mea compozi\u021bional\u0103. Era bocuros c\u0103 am supravie\u021buit, dar eram obosi\u021bi de a c\u0103uta m\u00e2ncare. Eram fl\u0103m\u00e2nzi, nu mi-e ru\u0219ine de aceste cuvinte. Aveam nevoie de produse bune, p\u00e2ine \u0219i lapte. Nu puteai g\u0103si astfel de alimente  \u0219i ca rezultat m-am \u00eemboln\u0103vit de bron\u0219it\u0103, dar mul\u021bumit\u0103 lui Dumnezeu, am g\u0103sit un pulmonolog bun, doctoral Fi\u0219ov. El m-a tratat f\u0103r\u0103 plat\u0103. Cu toate c\u0103 am c\u0103p\u0103tat bron\u0219it\u0103 cronic\u0103 care m\u0103 deranja tot restul vie\u021bii. Am absolvit \u0219coala \u0219i la examenul de matematic\u0103 am rezolvat probleme pentru toat\u0103 clasa. Am terminat \u0219coala cu medalie de aur \u0219i am decis  c\u0103 voca\u021bia mea e s\u0103 studies la facultatea de Fizic\u0103 \u0219i Matematic\u0103. Nu aveam nici o problem cu admiterea la universitatea din Chi\u0219in\u0103u care abia a fost fondat\u0103 [1945]. Dar m-am dezam\u0103git, probabil c\u0103 lectorii nu erau prea buni.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen acel moment Leonid Simonovici Gurov, un pedagog  \u0219i compositor renumit, a venit s\u0103 lucreze la  Conservatorul din Chi\u0219in\u0103u  de la Odesa. Veri\u0219oara mea de-a doua Dora Fridman era muzicant \u0219i mi-a recomandat s\u0103-i ar\u0103t compozi\u021biile mele \u0219i a\u0219a am \u0219i f\u0103cut. Leonid Seminovici mi-a ascultat c\u00e2ntecele. Poate c\u0103 erau naive, dar veneau din inim\u0103 \u0219i aveau un ritm dr\u0103gu\u021b. I-au pl\u0103cut \u0219i mi-a spus s\u0103 vin la Facultatea de Preg\u0103tire a Conservatorului. Am \u00eencercat s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b \u0219i la Universitate \u0219i la Conservator, dar era prea greu.<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 absolvirea facult\u0103\u021bii de Preg\u0103tire a Conservatorului am fost admis\u0103 dou\u0103 facult\u0103\u021bi: clasa vioarei, Lvovici Dailis \u0219i Facultatea de Istorie a Muzicii. Din p\u0103cate, nu am putut urma clasa lui Gurov, fiindc\u0103  era supraaglomerat\u0103. Speram  c\u0103 va ap\u0103rea vreo \u0219ans\u0103, dar nu a fost a\u0219a. \u00cen perioada c\u00e2nd am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat la Conservator au avut loc dou\u0103 campanii anti-semitice: lupta \u00eempotriva cosmopoli\u021bilor [9] \u0219i Complotul doctorilor [10]. \u00cen\u021belegeam foarte bine c\u0103 au fost fabricate \u0219i noi am urm\u0103rit evenimentele, dar mai mult eram preocupa\u021bi de via\u021ba noastr\u0103 grea. Ne eliberau produse alimentare pe taloane \u0219i sim\u021beam o foame permanent\u0103. \u021ain minte cum \u0219edeam la or\u0103 \u0219i un de posit a unei brut\u0103rii sub ferestrele Conservatorului, \u0219i nu puteam s\u0103 ne concentr\u0103m la subiectul lec\u021biei, fiindc\u0103 eram preocupa\u021bi de \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 ghicim dac\u0103 p\u00e2inea a fost livrat\u0103 la depozit. Profesorul ne asigura c\u0103 p\u00e2inea \u00eenc\u0103 nu a fost adus\u0103. \u0218ede\u021bi lini\u0219ti\u021bi. C\u00e2nd modul de procurare a produselor alimentare pe baz\u0103 de taloane a fost anulat \u0219i a fost posibil de acump\u0103ra p\u00e2ine \u0219i zah\u0103r eram at\u00e2t de ferici\u021bi. \u00cemi amintesc prietenul meu, Efim Bogdanovskii, \u0219ez\u00e2nd la mas\u0103 \u0219i servind ceai m-a \u00eentrebat c\u00e2te linguri\u021be de zah\u0103r s\u0103-\u021bi pun? Una, dou\u0103, trei.. Vai m\u0103 simt at\u00e2t de confuz, s\u0103 \u00eencep din nou.<\/p>\n<p>Evreii pe care-I cun\u0103\u0219team erau foarte ferici\u021bi c\u0103 a murit Stalin [1953]. Se vorbea la Chi\u0219in\u0103u c\u0103 erau trenuri \u00een a\u0219teptare pentru a deporta to\u021bi evreii \u00een Birobidjan [11]. Dar totu\u0219i oamenii erau \u00een doliu. P\u0103rea fantastic cei care credeau c\u0103 nimic nu se poate \u00eent\u00e2mpla f\u0103r\u0103 Stalin. \u0218i \u00eenc\u0103 mai cred c\u0103 nu putem s\u0103 trecem peste aceast\u0103 figur\u0103. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 toate tr\u0103s\u0103turile sadice pe care le avea el a f\u0103cut multe lucruri bune.Bine, poate dac\u0103 el nu le-ar fi f\u0103cut al\u021bii le-ar fi putut face, dar erau \u0219i lucruri bune \u00een timpul regimului sovietic: medicin\u0103 \u0219i educa\u021bie gratuit\u0103. Nimeni nu poate uita astfel de lucruri. C\u00e2t despre  ceea ce f\u0103cea Beria [12], nu cred c\u0103 era secret pentru Stalin. Cred c\u0103 \u0219tia. Curat fascism sovietic. Vorbind despre acest subiect nu pot s\u0103 nu spun c\u0103 la Congresul al XX-lea al Partidului Sovietic [13] Hru\u0219ciov [14] l-a denun\u021bat pe Stalin, nu era o noutate izbitoare pentru so\u021bul meu sau pentru mine. Noi \u0219tiam \u00een mintea noastr\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>L-am \u00eent\u00e2lnit pe so\u021bul meu c\u00e2nd eram student anul trei, \u00een 1949. Vara, \u00een fiecare s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een gr\u0103dina Aleksandrovskii [Parcul or\u0103\u0219enesc din centrul Chi\u0219in\u0103ului] conduc\u0103torul Filarmonicii, Boris Milutin, \u0219i Orchestra Filarmonic\u0103 d\u0103deau concerte simfonice. Erau foarte populari \u00een ora\u0219 \u0219i noi, ca studen\u021bi, niciodat\u0103 nu am pierdut nici un concert. \u00cen timpul concertului mi-a atras aten\u021bia un b\u0103iat. Ar\u0103ta diferit \u0219i avea o fa\u021b\u0103 at\u00e2t de emo\u021bional\u0103 \u00een timp ce orchestra \u00eel interpreta pe Mozart. Mi-a pl\u0103cut \u0219i el la fel mi-a acordat aten\u021bie. Numele lui era Efim Tcaci \u0219i era studenta la clasa flautului la Conservator.<\/p>\n<p>Efim s-a n\u0103scut \u00eentr-o familie de evrei boga\u021bi din B\u0103l\u021bi \u00een 1926. Tat\u0103l lui, Mark Tcaci, era bl\u0103nar \u0219i mama lui, Nehama, \u00eel ajuta. Efim a studiat la o \u0219coal\u0103 de gramatic\u0103. Fratele lui mai mic a absolvit \u0219coala primar\u0103. C\u00e2nd a \u00eenceput r\u0103zboiul ei au p\u0103r\u0103sit ora\u0219ul pe jos.Trupele germane i-au ajuns din urm\u0103 la Crijopol, regiunea Vini\u021ba \u0219i au fost plasa\u021bi \u00een ghetto-ul din Crijopol. Au supravie\u021buit datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 \u0219tiau limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i puteau comunica cu gardienii rom\u00e2ni. Mama lui Efim era buc\u0103t\u0103reasa unui ofi\u021ber roman \u0219i tat\u0103l lui lucra pentru cineva.C\u00e2nd trupele sovietice s-au apropiat de Crijopol rom\u00e2nii au evadat. Familia lui Efim s-a \u00eentors la B\u0103l\u021bi. Efim a absolvit \u0219coala \u0219i apoi a studiat la Colegiul Pedagogic din B\u0103l\u021bi. Nu i-a pl\u0103cut \u0219i a venit la Chi\u0219in\u0103u unde a fost admis la clasa flautului de la Conservator. P\u0103rin\u021bii lui s-au mutat la Lvov. Ei au murit \u00een anii 1970. Evghenii a absolvit Facultatea de Fizic\u0103 \u0219i Matematic\u0103 de la Universitatea Pedagogic\u0103 din B\u0103l\u021bi \u0219i-a lucrat profesor de matematic\u0103.La moment el e pensionat \u0219i tr\u0103ie\u0219te la Petersburg cu so\u021bia sa. \u0218i nu au copii.<\/p>\n<p>Efim \u0219i eu ne-am c\u0103s\u0103torit doi ani dup\u0103 ce ne-am cunoscut, pe data de 4 decembrie 1949. Tocmai ne-am \u00eenregistrat c\u0103s\u0103toria \u0219i ne-am adunat cu cele mai apropiate rude acas\u0103 la noi, av\u00e2nd o mas\u0103 destul de modest\u0103. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 acestea, nu aveam  nici voal \u0219i nici rochie de mireas\u0103.Tr\u0103iam \u00eentr-o anex\u0103 cu o singur\u0103 fereastr\u0103. \u00cen 1952 am absolvit Conservatorul \u0219i am avut \u00eendreptare [15] de a lucra \u00eentr-o \u0219coal\u0103 muzical\u0103. Am lucrat acolo c\u00e2\u021biva ani. Am mo\u0219tenit talentul pedagogic al tat\u0103lui meu \u0219i-acum \u00eemi place s\u0103 predau.\u00cen 1953 s-a n\u0103scut fiul nostru Leova [Lev] \u0219i era destul de greu f\u0103r\u0103 comodit\u0103\u021bi \u00een cas\u0103, dar mama m-a ajutat foarte mult. \u00cen ciuda greut\u0103\u021bilor aveam o energie enorm\u0103 de puteam ridica o cas\u0103 \u00een locul aceleia \u00een care tr\u0103iam. Efim era dibaci de felul lui \u0219i singur a  instalat un robinet, closet \u0219i chiar sistem de \u00eenc\u0103lzire pe ap\u0103. Am aranjat o mic\u0103 gr\u0103din\u0103 \u0219i am tr\u0103it p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1970 acolo.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0103rin\u021bii mei tr\u0103iau \u00een dou\u0103 camere de-al\u0103turi, pe care le-am renovat un pic. Mama m\u0103 ajuta pe-acas\u0103 \u00een timp ce eu lucram la \u0219coala muzical\u0103, cu toate c\u0103 eram foarte ocupat\u0103 continuam s\u0103 compun piese muzicale \u0219i am sim\u021bit lipsa unei educa\u021bii speciale. \u00cen 1957 am fost admis\u0103 la Facultatea de Compozi\u021bie Muzical\u0103, clasa lui Gurov \u0219i-am studiat doar specialitatea mea.\u00cen 1962 am absolvit aceast\u0103 facultate \u0219i am r\u0103mas s\u0103 lucrez la Conservator. Am predat solfegiul, acompaniamentul, analiza lucr\u0103rilor muzicale \u0219i lectura notelor simfonice. Mai t\u00e2rziu, am renun\u021bat s\u0103 predau solfegiul, fiindc\u0103 trebuia s\u0103 c\u00e2nt mult cu studen\u021bii ca s\u0103 le dezvolt vocalul. Acum predau compozi\u021bia, orchestra, instrumentele simfonice pentru orchestr\u0103 \u0219i aranjamentul coral care \u00eemi place at\u00e2t de mult.<\/p>\n<p>Leova era un b\u0103iat sociabil \u0219i vesel. \u00cemi amintesc matineele de la gr\u0103dini\u021b\u0103. Vecinul nostru, tat\u0103l unuia dintre copii, \u0219i eu ne-am mascat \u00een personaje din pove\u0219ti \u0219i le-am ar\u0103tat un spectacol copiilor. Eram tineri \u0219i ne-am distrat la fel ca \u0219i copiii. Leova a frecventat o \u0219coal\u0103 muzical\u0103 unde a studiat \u0219i obiectele de cultur\u0103 general\u0103. Tat\u0103l meu a lucrat la aceast\u0103 \u0219coal\u0103. Dragostea buneilor fa\u021b\u0103 de nepotul s\u0103u era mutual\u0103. El l-a adorat pe bunelul s\u0103u numindu-l dedu\u0219ca [Leova pronun\u021ba incorect diedu\u0219ca] \u0219i-a f\u0103cut mul\u021bi prieteni care venea pe la noi acas\u0103. Mai t\u00e2rziu ei s-a mutat cu traiul, \u00eens\u0103 Leova mai \u021bine \u00eenc\u0103 leg\u0103tura cu unii dintre ei. Doi dintre ei tr\u0103iesc \u00een SUA, din c\u00e2nd \u00een c\u00e2nd sun\u00e2ndu-se \u0219i corespond\u00e2nd.<\/p>\n<p>Tat\u0103lui meu \u00eei pl\u0103cea s\u0103 profeseze \u0219i, \u00een special, cu elevii mici. El formase un asamblu de copii cu care participa la concerte. Discipolii s\u0103i \u00eel iubeau foarte mult \u0219i munca sa avea rezultate mari. Una din elevele sale de dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, Lidia Mordkovici, devenise laureat a numeroase concursuri muzicale. Ea tr\u0103ia \u00een Israel \u0219i acum tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een Anglia. Galina Buinovscaia, directorul Liceului Muzical din Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i violonista Mila Volnianscaia care tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een Israel acum. Odat\u0103 c\u00e2nd m\u0103 uitam prin arhiv\u0103 am g\u0103sit ni\u0219te fotografii ale studen\u021bilor cu inscrip\u021bii pe ele:\u201d Mult iubitului Moisei Ben\u021bionovici \u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1967 am compus prima mea oper\u0103 pentru copii: Capra cu trei iezi. A fost pus\u0103 \u00een scena Teatrului de Oper\u0103. La acel moment am devenit membru al Asocia\u021biei Compozitorilor din Moldova ( asocia\u021bie a compozitorilor profesiono\u0219ti). Pre\u0219edintele uniunii era Vasilii Gheorghievici Zagorschi, studentul lui Lev Gurov, rus de origine, n\u0103scut \u00een Basarabia \u0219i care vorbea bine rom\u00e2na, o persoan\u0103 destul de pl\u0103cut\u0103. Datorit\u0103 lui nu ap\u0103reau conflicte anti-semitice \u00een cadrul Uniunii Compozitorilor, cre\u00e2nd astfel o atmosfer\u0103 pl\u0103cut\u0103 de lucru. Foarte mul\u021bi compozitori de origine evreiasc\u0103 se reg\u0103seau la uniune: \u0218apiro, Aranov, Fedov, Muler \u0219i mai pu\u021bini cei moldoveni. \u00cen timp ce tr\u0103iam \u00eentr-un apartament foarte mic puteam s\u0103 m\u0103 bucur de c\u0103l\u0103toriile la Casa de Crea\u021bie a Compozitorilor (cas\u0103 special\u0103 pentru compozitori) unde uitam de rutina vie\u021bii \u0219i m\u0103 dedicam muzicii. Comunicam cu mul\u021bi compozitori din toat\u0103 Uniunea Sovietc\u0103 la diferite congrese. C\u0103l\u0103toream foarte mult pentru a asculta lucr\u0103rile compozitorilor georgieni, armeni, moscovi\u021bi \u0219i kieveni. Mul\u021bi compozitori sovietici soseau \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u, astfel av\u00e2nd ocazia s\u0103-l cunosc pe Dmitrii \u0218ostakovici [\u0218ostakovici, Dmitrii, 1906-1975: unul dintre cei mai remarcabili compozitori ai secolului al XX-lea] la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire din 1960. Nu era doar un geniu,dar \u0219i o persoan\u0103 minunat\u0103, modest\u0103 \u0219i inteligent\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Se poate spune c\u0103 realizasem multe, dar depusem mult efort pentru a le atinge. \u00cen primul r\u00e2nd, se iscau multe persoane geloase, care activau \u00een mediul creativ, \u00een al doilea r\u00e2nd, deoarece sunt femeie \u0219i nu prea se \u00eent\u00e2lneau compozitoare \u0219i, \u00een al treilea r\u00e2nd, din cauza originii mele evreie\u0219ti. Devenise o problem\u0103 pentru mine c\u00e2nd \u00eencepuse migra\u021bia spre Israel, \u00eens\u0103 Efim \u0219i eu nici nu ne g\u00e2ndeam la faptul de a pleca. E greu de explicat de ce, probabil, c\u0103 sunt convis\u0103 c\u0103 o persoan\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 acolo unde s-a n\u0103scut \u0219i sunt \u00eenmorm\u00e2nta\u021bi str\u0103mo\u0219ii lui. Posibil c\u0103 tr\u0103ie\u0219ti cu aceasta \u00een suflet f\u0103r\u0103 a pune \u00eentreb\u0103ri.Instituirea statului Israel \u00een 1948 mi-a provocat emo\u021bii de fericire \u0219i de m\u00e2ndrie  c\u0103 evreii \u0219i-au format, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it,  propia \u021bar\u0103. De atunci \u00eenainte Israel se considera a fi \u021bara mea.<\/p>\n<p>Deseori ne vizitau prietenii cu care s\u0103rb\u0103toream primele spectacole puse \u00een scen\u0103, zile de na\u0219tere sau doar ne \u00eent\u00e2lneam pentru a petrece. \u00centotdeauna eram bucuroas\u0103 de oaspe\u021bi. Nimeni nu m-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 preg\u0103tesc bucate, tot timpul eram protejat\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103sf\u0103\u021bat\u0103, dar c\u00e2nd  mergeam la Casa de Crea\u021bie \u00eemi pl\u0103cea s\u0103 m\u0103 duc la buc\u0103t\u0103rie \u0219i s\u0103 discut cu buc\u0103t\u0103resele. Le adoram, simple \u0219i \u00een\u021belepte. Ele m-au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 g\u0103tesc: \u201dIat\u0103, Zlatocika, a\u0219a trebuie s\u0103 fie\u201d. \u00cenv\u0103\u021basem multe \u00een afar\u0103 de copt. Adic\u0103 coc, dar nimic deosebit.Totu\u0219i am o predilec\u021bie fa\u021b\u0103 de buc\u0103t\u0103ria evreiasc\u0103.G\u0103tesc pe\u0219te umplut exact ca \u0219i bunica mea Riva. Odat\u0103 la sanatoriu din Sortavala (un ora\u0219 din Karelia, sta\u021biune climateric\u0103) am preg\u0103tit-o pentru compozitorii sovietici. \u00cen acel an, Sviridov [Sviridov, Gheorghii, 1915-1998: compozitor sovietic, pianist, activist public] lucra \u0219i se odihnea acolo. El era pasionat de pescuit, prinz\u00e2nd \u00eempreun\u0103 cu so\u021bia sa dou\u0103zeci de \u0219tiuci.<\/p>\n<p>Cineva a men\u021bionat c\u0103 eu pot preg\u0103ti pe\u0219te evreiesc \u0219i astfel m-a rugat s\u0103 o fac. De la \u00eenceput \u0219i alte doamne au vrut s\u0103 m\u0103 ajute, dar s-au \u00eempr\u0103\u0219tiat spun\u00e2nd c\u0103 e prea greu.Doar o singur\u0103 persoan\u0103 a mai r\u0103mas, o compozitoare din Baku, cu care am terminat. Pe\u0219tele era un deliciu, dar noi miroseam a ceap\u0103 \u0219i de aceea am plecat s\u0103 lu\u0103m un du\u0219. \u00cen camera de baie m\u0103 sim\u021bisem obosit\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103zusem jos pe podeaua de beton, p\u0103lindu-mi capul. Ea m-a \u0219ters cu \u0219tergarul, m-a ajutat s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eembrac \u0219i i-a chemat pe al\u021bii s\u0103 m\u0103 duc\u0103 \u00een camera mea, st\u0103team \u00een cabane. Aveam noroc c\u0103 tat\u0103l ei era medic \u0219i se afla cu ea. M-a examinat, m\u0103 pricopsisem cu o v\u00e2n\u0103taie pe cap. Mi s-a spus s\u0103 stau toat\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na \u00een pat, \u00een schimb ceilal\u021bi au savurat pe\u0219tele umplut f\u0103cut de mine. Le-a pl\u0103cut foarte mult, astfel c\u00e2\u0219tig\u00e2nd titlul de buc\u0103tar excelent.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1970, noi am primit un apartament cu patru camere cu toate comodit\u0103\u021bile incluse pentru mine, so\u021bul meu, fiul \u0219i p\u0103rin\u021bi. Mama mea l-a v\u0103zut \u0219i noi \u00eempreun\u0103 am cump\u0103rat lustre \u00een toate camerele, \u00eens\u0103 ea nu s-a bucurat prea mult, c\u0103ci murise \u00een acela\u0219i an. Am \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat-o la cimitirul evreiesc, dar nu dup\u0103 canonul religios iudaic. Dup\u0103 ce murise mama mea, eu compusesem  concert pentru vioar\u0103 \u0219i orchestr\u0103 \u00een memoria ei.Leova a absolvit \u0219coala \u00een 1972 \u0219i a fost admis la specialitatea istoria muzicii de la Conservatorul din Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Dup\u0103 absolvirea acestuia a decis s\u0103 plece la Conservatorul de la Moscova, era dificil , dar totu\u0219i reu\u0219ise.La acel moment participam la un seminar de \u0219ase luni \u0219i am avut ocazia s\u0103 tr\u0103im \u00eempreun\u0103 la c\u0103minul conservatorului de pe strada Malaia Gruzinskaia. St\u0103team \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 aparte, \u00een timp ce Leova tr\u0103ia cu doi b\u0103ie\u021bi din Asia Central\u0103. Erau ni\u0219te b\u0103ie\u021bi pricepu\u021bi la g\u0103tit m\u00e2ncare \u0219i l-au \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat \u0219i pe Leova s\u0103 preg\u0103teasc\u0103 pilaf [pilaf este un fel de m\u00e2ncare uzbec, orez cu carne fiart\u0103 sau pr\u0103jit\u0103, ceap\u0103, morcov \u0219i uneori stafide].<\/p>\n<p>Dup\u0103 absolvirea Conservatorului Leova a fost luat la armat\u0103.El \u0219i-a f\u0103cut serviciul militar \u00een trupa muzical\u0103 a regimentului de la Moscova, c\u00e2nt\u00e2nd \u00een cor. Ulterior s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit cu o fost\u0103 coleg\u0103 de conservator, Mila Gordiiciuk, o fat\u0103 din Ucraina. Mila \u0219i mama ei tr\u0103iau \u00eentr-o camer\u0103 la Moscova, tat\u0103l lor i-a abandonat mul\u021bi ani \u00een urm\u0103. Nunta a avut loc la Moscova, \u00een locuin\u021ba bunicii Milei. Am procurat mul\u021bi trandafiri de culoare roz pe care-i \u021bineam la baia hotelului \u00een care ne-am cazat. Dup\u0103 c\u0103s\u0103torie Mila \u0219i Leova s-au mutat la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Leova s-a angajat la o \u0219coal\u0103 muzical\u0103, noi le-am \u00eenchiriat un apartament \u0219i \u00een 1979 s-a n\u0103scut nepoata mea, Iulia. Apoi lui Leova i-au oferit o func\u021bie administrativ\u0103 la Moscova la Biroul de Propagand\u0103 a Muzicii Sovietice. Mama Milei s-a mutat cu bunica ei \u0219i lor le-au dat apartamentul cu o camer\u0103. Mi-era dor de ei enorm \u0219i c\u0103l\u0103toream la Moscova oric\u00e2nd ap\u0103rea vreo ocazie.<\/p>\n<p>La \u00eenceputul anilor 1980, un scriitor moldovean Bucov [Bucov, Emilian, 1909-1984: poet basarabean ce a scris proz\u0103 dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi], mi-a propus s\u0103 alc\u0103tuiesc muzic\u0103 la baletul pove\u0219tii Andrie\u0219. Cineva i-a spus c\u0103 sunt cea mai bun\u0103 compozitoare \u0219i a insistat foarte mult. Sincer vorbind, nu eram sigur\u0103 c\u0103 ma-\u0219 fi descurcat cu genul acesta de compozi\u021bie, dar eram destul de hot\u0103r\u00e2t\u0103. Oleg Melnic, maistru de balet al Teatrului de Oper\u0103 \u0219i Balet din Chi\u0219in\u0103u, trebuia s\u0103 pun\u0103 \u00een scen\u0103 baletul dat, \u00eens\u0103 c\u00e2nd partitura era gata, el devenise maistru de balet la Samarkand [ast\u0103zi Uzbekistan], avuse ni\u0219te probleme cu administra\u021bia teatrului de la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. R\u0103masem confuz\u0103, dar el m-a sunat \u0219i mi-a spus: Trimite-mi partitura baletului, o voi pune pe scena din Samarkand, \u0219i a\u0219a am \u0219i f\u0103cut. Ceva vreme mai t\u00e2rziu, el mi-a trimis invita\u021bia la lansarea baletului \u0219i-am plecat cu dou\u0103 zile mai \u00eenainte de spectacol. Deoarece atunci nu era zbor direct la Samarkand, am luat cursa Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u2013Ta\u0219kent prin Tbilisi (ast\u0103zi Georgia) \u0219i A\u0219habad [ast\u0103zi Turkmenistan].<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen Ta\u0219kent trebuia s\u0103 iau un alt avion p\u00e2n\u0103 la Samarkand. Din cauza ce\u021bii cursa fusese anulat\u0103 \u0219i la A\u0219habat, la fel, fusese anulat\u0103 din cauza condi\u021biilor meteorologice nefavorabile. Mi-e era fric\u0103 s\u0103 nu reu\u0219esc s\u0103 ajung la timp la Samarkand, c\u00e2nd dintr-o dat\u0103 am auzit: Echipa de bord a zborului  \u00ee\u0219i cere scuze, dar trebuie s\u0103 ateriz\u0103m \u00een Samarkand. Nu-mi venea s\u0103 cred. Am alergat la teatru, m-am dus la repeti\u021bie.\u0218i-apoi m-am dus la hotel s\u0103 m\u0103 sp\u0103l \u0219i s\u0103 m\u0103 schimb. Premiera baletului a avut succes. Mi-am luat o caset\u0103 \u00eenregistrat\u0103 cu spectacol, o bro\u0219ur\u0103 \u0219i m-am \u00eentors la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. I-am ar\u0103tat directorului teatrului nostru de oper\u0103 \u0219i i s-a p\u0103rut foarte interesant. Astfel au \u00eenceput preg\u0103tirile c\u0103tre spectacol. S\u0103 mai scurtez din povestire, Andrie\u0219 a fost  pus pe scen\u0103 la Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i i s-a decernat Premiul de Stat al Moldovei \u00een 1982 [Premiul de Stat al Republicilor Unite era decernat \u00een Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 din 1966 de c\u0103tre comitete speciale pentru realiz\u0103ri \u00een \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, tehnic\u0103, literatur\u0103 \u0219i art\u0103].<\/p>\n<p>Ne-am obi\u0219nuit cu modul de via\u021b\u0103 sovietic. Nu-mi p\u0103sa de politic\u0103 \u0219i nu eram membru de partid. C\u00e2t despre via\u021ba noastr\u0103 sufleteasc\u0103, Efim \u0219i eu nu m-am sim\u021bit reprimat\u0103. So\u021bul meu colecta literatur\u0103 clasic\u0103 \u0219i eu sunt pasionat\u0103 de clasicii str\u0103ini. Lucrul meu de crea\u021bie era str\u00e2ns legat de literatura moldoveneasc\u0103 \u0219i, deseori, discutam operele scriitorilor moldoveni: Aureliu Busuioc [scriitor moldovean sovietic, Zlata Tkaci a scris oper\u0103 \u00een 1988 bazat\u0103 pe nuvela sa Unchiul din Paris], Dumitru Matcovschi, scriitor \u0219i poet moldovean, Grigore Vieru \u2013poet moldovean, prieten de familie de mul\u021bi ani. Mergeam la toate spectacolele \u0219i concertele simfonice de la Teatrul de Oper\u0103. Mul\u021bi muzicieni simfonici veneau \u00een ture la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Evghenii Mravinski, conduc\u0103torul din Leningrad, Oleg Cr\u00eesa, violoncelist, compozitori sovietici:Haceaturean [Haceaturean, Aram, 1903-1978: compozitor sovietic de origine armean\u0103], \u0219i Krennikov [Krennikov, Tihon Nikolaevici, 1913: compozitor sovietic rus, activist public]. Nu plecam la teatrele dramatice din Ch\u0219in\u0103u, fiindc\u0103 Efim nu era pasionat de ele. Ne duceam doar c\u00e2nd regizorii ne invitau la premier\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Eu \u0219i so\u021bul meu am tr\u0103it \u00eempreun\u0103 52 de ani, mai mult dec\u00e2t un jubileu de aur. Cred c\u0103 sunt o femeie fericit\u0103, av\u00e2nd o via\u021b\u0103 reu\u0219it\u0103. M-am c\u0103s\u0103torit din dragoste \u0219i-am tr\u0103it \u00een armonie, fiind uni\u021bi de aceiea\u0219i profesie.Efim fuse un om de\u0219tep \u0219i \u00een\u021belept, talentat \u00een domeniul s\u0103u \u0219i a avut gri\u0219\u0103 de succesul meu. Mul\u021bi ani a predat la \u0219coala muzical\u0103 \u0219i, mai t\u00e2rziu, trecuse la Filarmonic\u0103. A mai \u021binut lec\u021bii despre istoria muzicii moldovene\u0219ti la Universitatea de Arte din Chi\u0219in\u0103u. El se specializase \u00een muzica moldoveneasc\u0103, a scris multe articole pentru pres\u0103, a prezentat programe radio regulat \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103. Avea o dorin\u021b\u0103 puternic\u0103 \u0219i un scop de a-\u0219i perfec\u021biona limba rom\u00e2n\u0103. Astfel \u00een\u021belegea c\u0103 e unicul mod de a descrie via\u021ba cultural\u0103 a Moldovei \u00een detalii.<\/p>\n<p>So\u021bului \u0219i mie nu ne p\u0103sa de comfortul de zi cu zi: ne interesa via\u021ba noastr\u0103 spiritual\u0103.Am cump\u0103rat doar un set de mobil\u0103 Ganka [mobil\u0103 sovietic\u0103 la mod\u0103 pe atunci] pentru inaugurarea casei din 1970, fiind destul de dificil la acea vreme. Proprietarul depozitului de mobil\u0103 al c\u0103rui fiu intrase la Conservatorul de la Moscova cu ajutorul fiului nostru Leova, ne-a ajutat s\u0103 o procur\u0103m.El a aranjat s\u0103 cump\u0103r\u0103m mobila f\u0103r\u0103 a sta \u00een r\u00e2nd. Cump\u0103rasem un covor nou pentru camera de zi \u00eenainte de Anul Nou [2004] din motiv c\u0103 cel vechi se uzase.Am primit un bonus de o mie de ruble de la Conservator \u0219i am decis acum sau niciodat\u0103. Una dintre mamele studen\u021bilor mei m-a ajutat s\u0103-l duc acas\u0103. <\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2nd Gorbaciov [16] venise la putere \u0219i Perestroika [17] a \u00eenceput pentru mine devenise o posibilitate s\u0103 dau fr\u00e2u liber emo\u021biilor \u0219i s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00eentorc la 180 de grade spre via\u021ba evreiasc\u0103. Am compus muzic\u0103 toat\u0103 via\u021ba mea. M-am n\u0103scut  \u00eentr-un sat din Moldova , am tr\u0103it \u00een Moldova \u0219i mi-am format urechea muzical\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de melodiile moldovene\u0219ti fapt ce a determinat nevoia de a nu scrie muzic\u0103 evreiasc\u0103. Via\u021ba era grea: r\u0103zboiul, evacuarea \u0219i realitatea sovietic\u0103 mi-a impus anumite limite. \u00cen momentul \u00een care m-am sim\u021bit liber\u0103 s\u0103-mi exprim g\u00e2ndurile, scriam muzic\u0103 pentru poporul meu. Muzica curgea prin venele mele \u0219i so\u021bul m-a ajutat mult , g\u0103sindu-mi o carte foarte rar\u0103 de Berezovski: Folclorul evreiesc. \u0218i-am \u00eenceput s\u0103 utilizezi acorduri evreie\u0219ti \u00een lucr\u0103rile mele.<\/p>\n<p>Cu p\u0103rere de r\u0103u, \u00eenceputul Perestroik\u0103i a fost marcat de un eveniment tragic din via\u021ba mea, tat\u0103l meu murise \u00eentr-un accident auto. El a tr\u0103it mai mult dec\u00e2t mama cu cincisprezece ani. L-am \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat \u00een sectorul evreiesc al cimitirului interna\u021bional Doina . Am aranjat ca mama s\u0103 fie re\u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat\u0103 l\u00e2ng\u0103 tat\u0103l meu, fusese destul de greu , dar reu\u0219isem s\u0103 o fac. Acum se afl\u0103 sub aceia\u0219i piatr\u0103 funerar\u0103 unde sunt \u00eenscrise numele lor \u0219i gravate o lum\u00e2nare \u0219i o vioar\u0103. Moartea p\u0103rin\u021bilor mei m-a atins profund \u0219i g\u00e2ndurile mele iar\u0103\u0219i s-au \u00eentors spre Dumnezeu. Dup\u0103 moartea tat\u0103lui meu am decis s\u0103 scriu un concert de flaut, dedic\u00e2ndu-i-l. Fusese prima lucrare \u00een care folosisem note muzicale \u0219i motive evrei\u0219ti. Irina Mi\u0219ura, o vocalist\u0103 minunat\u0103, nu e evreic\u0103, dar so\u021bul ei da. Ea interpreta minunat lucr\u0103rile lui Bitkin, un compozitor rus. C\u00e2nd am auzit-o sim\u021bisem nevoia de a scrie muzic\u0103 pentru vocea ei. Aveam o colec\u021bie de poezii de Ovsei Dreez [Dreez, Ovsei, 1908-1971: poet sovietic de origine evreiasc\u0103, autor de o colec\u021bie de poezii lirice, pove\u0219ti \u0219i poezii pentru copii \u00een ivrit], pe care fo\u0219tii mei studen\u021bi mi le-au dat. Am scris un ciclu vocal bazat pe poeziile sale. A\u0219adar, \u00eencepusem s\u0103 scriu muzic\u0103 evreiasc\u0103 pentru vocal, muzic\u0103 instrumental\u0103, muzic\u0103 pentru cvartet \u0219i orchestr\u0103. Am c\u00e2teva piese de muzic\u0103 evreiasc\u0103 pe care le-am compus.<\/p>\n<p>Fiul meu lucra la Biroul de Propagand\u0103 a Muzicii Sovietice p\u00e2n\u0103 la destr\u0103marea Uniunii Sovietice \u00een 1911. Biroul fusese \u00eenchis \u0219i Leova devenise \u0219omer aproape trei ani. P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci mi-a venit r\u00e2ndul la ma\u0219in\u0103. [\u00cen URSS oamenii care-\u0219i doreau s\u0103 cumpere o ma\u0219in\u0103 trebuiau s\u0103 a\u0219tepte ani buni p\u00e2n\u0103 le venea r\u00e2ndul]. \u0218i mi-am cump\u0103rat automobilul pe care i l-am dat lui Leova la Moscova, lucr\u00e2nd ca taximetrist pentru a c\u00e2\u0219tiga bani.Mai t\u00e2rziu, lucra \u00een calitate de director de colectare a fondurilor pentru instrumente muzicale, dar acum lucreaz\u0103 la Glinka [18], Muzeul Central de Cultur\u0103 Muzical\u0103 din Moscova.So\u021bia lui, Mila, lucreaz\u0103 \u00eentr-o companie privat\u0103. Ea  este capul familiei. Nepoata mea, Iulea are 25 de ani, nu \u0219i-a dorit s\u0103 studieze muzica. A trecut un curs  de limbi str\u0103ine de doi ani \u0219i acum e ghid turistic.<\/p>\n<p>Pentru mine Perestroika fusese un lucru bun, dar s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u0219i multe rele. C\u00e2nd URSS s-a destr\u0103mat, toate rela\u021biile dintre fostele republici s-au rupt. C\u00e2t m\u0103 prive\u0219te pe mine, faptul acesta mi-a f\u0103cut via\u021ba mea de crea\u021bie s\u0103rac\u0103, de\u0219i continuam s\u0103 lucrez la Conservator. Muzicieni cu renume nu mai veneau \u00een ture la Chi\u0219in\u0103u. Cu p\u0103rere de r\u0103u, televiziunea derula clipuri muzicale de o calitate proast\u0103. Nu ap\u0103rea muzic\u0103 simfonic\u0103 de calitate p\u00e2n\u0103 ce nu pl\u0103tea cineva pentru ea. Era doar canalul Mezzo, un canal francez, dar avea tendin\u021ba de a bruia. \u00cemi pl\u0103cea s\u0103 ascult simfonia lui Stravinski, dar acum difuzeaz\u0103 fragmente de jazz. Fiind muzician\u0103 era greu s\u0103 nu am o surs\u0103 de aprovizionare muzical\u0103. So\u021bul meu mi-a l\u0103sat o colec\u021bie mare de muzic\u0103 clasic\u0103. Fiul mi-a  dat o combin\u0103 muzical\u0103  la care ascultam muzic\u0103, ascultam ce doream. E totul ce aveam la moment.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen 1922, am c\u0103l\u0103torit \u00een Israel cu o delega\u021bie de muzicieni la invita\u021bia compozitorului chi\u0219in\u0103uian, Kopitman care fusese unul dintre primii ce se mutase acolo. Avea o pozi\u021bie important\u0103 la Academia Muzical\u0103 Rubin din Ierusalim \u0219i Maria Bie\u0219u [c\u00e2nt\u0103rea\u021b\u0103 din Moldova, soprano lirico-dramatic\u0103, solist\u0103 a Teatrului de Oper\u0103 \u0219i Balet, laureat al concursurilor interna\u021bionale]. Am petrecut o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 acolo \u0219i am stat la hotel. Fusese o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 ocupat\u0103: concerte, \u00eent\u00e2lniri \u0219i  multe excursii \u00een Israel. Am vizitat Zidul Pl\u00e2ngerii \u0219i desigur am l\u0103sat o scrisoare acolo. Fusese ca o poveste! Israel e o \u021bar\u0103 frumoas\u0103 \u0219i minunat\u0103, sim\u021bisem aura uimitoare a lui \u0219i mi s-a p\u0103rut c\u0103 am c\u0103l\u0103torit mul\u021bi ani \u00eenapoi. Am sim\u021bit o leg\u0103tur\u0103 interioar\u0103 cu istoria poporului meu. M-au impresionat excursiile. \u00cen 2001 am vizitat \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103 Israelul la invita\u021bia Izoldei, fiica conduc\u0103torului Boris Miliutin. Ea tr\u0103ia \u00een Bat Yam l\u00e2ng\u0103 Tel Aviv. Via\u021ba \u00een Israel progresa.<\/p>\n<p>So\u021bul meu \u00eempreun\u0103 cu mine am fost martori ai rena\u0219terii vie\u021bii evrei\u0219ti din Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219apte ani \u00een urm\u0103 [1997]. Efim \u00eencepuse s\u0103 colecteze materiale despre Holocaust \u0219i anti-semitism. Avea cancer \u0219i se gr\u0103bea s\u0103 adune c\u00e2t mai multe. Doi al\u021bi activi\u0219ti ai Organiza\u021biei  Asocia\u021bia Evreilor din Moldova, Aurel Gujel \u0219i Efim Levit au lucrat cu el. Ei au preg\u0103tit \u0219i publicat cu ajutorulJoint [19] patru colec\u021bii de documente \u0219i articole despre acest subiect cu titlul Nu vom uita , \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i rus\u0103. So\u021bul meu era editorul \u0219ef al acestei colec\u021bii. Efim a murit \u00een  Aprilie 2003. \u00cen ziua \u00eenmorm\u00e2nt\u0103rii v\u0103zusem c\u00e2t de mult fusese iubit \u00een Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u0219i de moldoveni, \u0219i de evrei. Venise mult\u0103 lume s\u0103-i arate respectul. L-am \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat l\u00e2ng\u0103 mormintele p\u0103rin\u021bilor mei. Angaja\u021bii  Hesed [20] Iehuda,  centrul nostru de caritate, m-au ajutat s\u0103 fac toate aranjamentele. Am invitat un ravin care a recitat Kiddu\u0219. I-am instalat o piatr\u0103 funerar\u0103 ro\u0219ie pe morm\u00e2ntul lui ca s\u0103 se potriveasc\u0103 cu ai p\u0103rin\u021bilor mei.<\/p>\n<p>Sunt singur\u0103, dar fiul meu m\u0103 viziteaz\u0103 \u0219i continui s\u0103 lucrez la Conservator. Am pu\u021bini studen\u021bi. La invita\u021bia Joint  predau copiilor evrei compozi\u021bia muzical\u0103. Unul dintre oficialii din Israel m-a spus: \u201cRealiz\u0103rile evreilor din diaspora sunt reu\u0219itele Israelului.\u201d Hesed Iehuda \u00eemi ofer\u0103 ajutor, un voluntar vine s\u0103-mi fac\u0103 curat \u00een apartament o dat\u0103 pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i de asemenea primesc c\u00e2te un pachet de m\u00e2ncare pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#top\"><i class=\"fa fa-arrow-circle-up\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"glosar\">Glosar<\/h2>\n<p>[1] Marele R\u0103zboi pentru Ap\u0103rarea Patriei:pe 22 iunie 1941, la 5 diminea\u021ba Fasci\u0219tii germani au atacat Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 a-i declara r\u0103zboi. Acesta a fost \u00eenceputul a\u0219a- numitului Marelui R\u0103zboi pentru Ap\u0103rarea Patriei. Blitzkrieg-ul german, cunoscut ca planul Barbarosa, aproape c\u0103 au reu\u0219it s\u0103 p\u0103trund\u0103 pe teritoriul Uniunii Sovetice. Nefiind preg\u0103tite, for\u021bele sovietice au pierdut toat\u0103 armata \u0219i o cantitate vast\u0103 de echipament  la atacul german \u00een primele s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni ale r\u0103zboiului. C\u0103tre noiembrie 1941 armata german\u0103 a acaparat Republica Ucrainean\u0103, a asediat Leningradul,  ca m\u0103rime al doilea ora\u0219, \u0219i a pus \u00een pericol Moscova. Pentru Uniunea Sovietc\u0103 r\u0103zboiul s-a terminat   pe 9 mai 1945.<\/p>\n<p>[2] Basarabia: Spa\u021biu istoric dintre Prut \u0219i Nistru, aflat\u0103 \u00een partea de sud a regiunii Odesa. Basarabia era parte component\u0103 a Rusiei p\u00e2n\u0103 la Revolu\u021bia din 1917. \u00cen 1918  Basarabia a declarat independe\u021ba \u0219i mai t\u00e2rziu s-a unit cu Rom\u00e2nia. Tratatul din Paris (1920) a recunoscut unirea, dar Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 nu a acceptat niciodat\u0103. \u00cen 1940 Rom\u00e2nia a fost for\u021bat\u0103 s\u0103 cedeze Basarabia \u0219i Nordul Bucovinei Uniunii Sovietice. Cele dou\u0103 provincii aveau aproape 4 milioane de locuitori, majoritatea rom\u00e2ni. De\u0219i Rom\u00e2nia a pus st\u0103p\u00e2nire pe o parte din teritoriu \u00een timpul celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial , tratatul de pace din 1947 a confirmat apartenen\u021ba la Uniunea Sovietc\u0103. Ast\u0103zi \u2013Republica Moldova.<\/p>\n<p>[3] Cuzist: Membru al organiza\u021biei fasciste numit\u0103 dup\u0103 numele lui Alexandru C. Cuza, unul dintre cei mai ferven\u021bi lideri fasci\u0219ti din Rom\u00e2nia care era cunoscut pentru \u0219ovinismul crud \u0219i anti-semitism. \u00cen 1919 Cuza a fondat LANC ce a devenit Partidul Na\u021bional-Cre\u0219tin \u00een 1935 cu un program anti-semitic.<\/p>\n<p>[4] Anexarea Basarabiei la Uniunea Sovietic\u0103: la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii iunie 1940, Uniunea Sovietic\u0103 i-a cerut Rom\u00e2niei s\u0103-\u0219i retrag\u0103 trupele de pe teritoriul Basarabiei. Rom\u00e2nia \u0219i-a retras trupele \u0219i administra\u021bia \u00een aceia\u0219i lun\u0103, \u00eentre 28 iunie \u0219i 3 iulie, Sovietele au ocupat regiunea. \u00cen acela\u0219i timp Rom\u00e2nia a fost obligat\u0103 s\u0103 renun\u021be la partea de nord a Transilvaniei Ungariei \u0219i Sudul Dobrujei Bulgariei. Aceste pierderi teritoriale au influen\u021bat politica rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103  \u00een timpul celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial.<\/p>\n<p>[5] Transnistria: Teritoriu situat \u00eentre Bug \u0219i Nistru \u0219i Marea Neagr\u0103. Numele deriv\u0103 de la numele rom\u00e2nesc Nistru \u0219i a fost creat dup\u0103 ocuparea trupelor germane \u0219i rom\u00e2ne \u00een cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial. Dup\u0103 ocuparea teritoriului Transnistria a devenit loc pentru deporta\u021bii evrei rom\u00e2ni. Deport\u0103rile sistematice au \u00eenceput \u00een septembrie 1941. \u00cen decursul urm\u0103toarelor dou\u0103 luni, to\u021bi evreii din Basarabia \u0219i Bucovina \u0219i o mic\u0103 parte a popula\u021biei evreie\u0219ti din Rom\u00e2nia au fost expedia\u021bi de-a lungul Nistrului. Primul val de deport\u0103ri a ajuns la 120 000 la mijlocul lui noiembrie, 1941 c\u00e2nd era stopat\u0103 de Ion Antonescu, dictator rom\u00e2n, la interven\u021bia Consiliului Comunit\u0103\u021bii evreie\u0219ti din Rom\u00e2nia. Deport\u0103rile au re\u00eenceput la \u00eenceputul verii anului 1942, afect\u00e2nd aproape 5000 de evrei. A treia serie de deport\u0103ri din marea Rom\u00e2nie a avut loc \u00een iulie 1942, ating\u00e2nd evreii care au evitat decretul de munc\u0103 for\u021bat\u0103, at\u00e2t \u0219i familiile lor, simpatizan\u021bii comuni\u0219ti \u0219i evreii basarabeni care se aflau \u00een Rom\u00e2nia \u0219i Transilvania \u00een timpul ocupa\u021biei sovietice. Cele mai fioroase lag\u0103re de concentrate transnistriene erau Vapniarka, R\u00eebni\u021ba, Berezovka, Tulcin \u0219i Iampol. Majoritatea evreilor concentra\u021bi \u00een lag\u0103re au murit \u00eentre 1941-1943, din cauza condi\u021biilor de trai oribile, bolilor\u0219i lipsei de m\u00e2ncare.<\/p>\n<p>[6] Comsomol: organiza\u021bie politic\u0103 comunist\u0103 de tineret creat\u0103 \u00een 1918. Sarcina Comsomolului era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea ideilor comunismului \u0219i implicarea muncitorilor \u0219i \u021b\u0103ranilor \u00een construirea Uniunii Sovietice. Comsomolul avea scopul de a educa tinerii muncitori prin a-i implica \u00een lupta politic\u0103, \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de educa\u021bie teoretic\u0103. Comsomolul era mai popular dec\u00e2t Partidul Comunist, deoarece prin scopul lor de educa oamenii puteau accepta proletaria\u021bi tineri neini\u021bia\u021bi \u00eentruc\u00e2t membrii de partid trebuiau s\u0103 aib\u0103 un minimum de educa\u021bie politic\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>[7] \u0218coal\u0103 #: \u0218colile aveau numere, ci nu nume. Era o parte a politicii de stat. Toate erau \u0219coli de stat \u0219i se presupunea s\u0103 fie identice.<\/p>\n<p>[8] Ziua Victoriei \u00een Rusia (9 mai): S\u0103rb\u0103toare na\u021bional\u0103 de comemorare a victoriei asupra Germaniei fasciste, sf\u00e2r\u0219itul celui de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial \u0219i celor care au murit \u00een r\u0103zboi.<\/p>\n<p>[9] Campanii \u00eempotriva cosmopoli\u021bilor. Campania \u00eempotriva cosmopoli\u021bilor, spre exemplu, evrei a fost ini\u021biat\u0103 \u00een articole de organele centrale ale Partidului Comunist \u00een 1949. Aceasta era direc\u021bionat\u0103 spre intelectualitatea evreiasc\u0103 \u0219i era primul atac public \u00eempotriva evreilor sovietici ca evrei. Scriitorii cosmopoli\u021bi erau acuza\u021bi de faptul c\u0103 ace\u0219tia \u00eei detest\u0103 pe ru\u0219i, sus\u021bin\u00e2nd zionismul.  Mul\u021bi scriitori evrei precum \u0219i liderii Comitetului Evreiesc Antifascist au fost aresta\u021bi \u00een noiembrie 1948 sub acuza\u021bia c\u0103 ei au men\u021binut leg\u0103turi cu zioni\u0219tii \u0219i americanii imperiali\u0219ti. Ei au fost executa\u021bi \u00een secret \u00een 1953. Un val anti-semitic al Complotului Doctorilor a fost lansat \u00een ianuarie 1953. Astfel valul de anti-semitism s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit pe tot teritoriul URSS. Evreii au fost \u00eenl\u0103tura\u021bi din pozi\u021biile de conducere \u0219i se vehiculau zvonuri despre deport\u0103rile \u00een mas\u0103 a evreilor \u00een partea de est a URSS. Moartea lui Stalin din martie 1953 a pus sf\u00e2r\u0219it campaniei \u00eempotriva cosmopoli\u021bilor.<\/p>\n<p>[10] Complotul Medicilor: Complotul Medicilor era a\u0219a-zisa conspira\u021bie a unui grup de medici din Moscova scopul c\u0103rora era s\u0103 omoare liderii \u0219i oficialii de la guvernare \u0219i de partid. \u00cen ianuarie 1953, presa sovietic\u0103 a raportat c\u0103 nou\u0103 doctori, \u0219ase dintre care erau evrei au fost aresta\u021bi \u0219i \u0219i-au recunoscut vina. \u00centruc\u00e2t Stalin a murit \u00een martie 1953, nici un proces de judecat\u0103 nu a avut loc.Ziarul principal de partid, Pravda, mai t\u00e2rziu anun\u021ba c\u0103 acuza\u021biile \u00eempotriva medicilor erau false \u0219i confesiunile lor au fost ob\u021binute prin tortur\u0103. Acest caz a fost unul dintre cele mai rele incidente anti-semitice \u00een timpul conducerii lui Stalin. \u00cen discursul s\u0103u secret la Congresul de Partid, XX-lea din 1956 Hru\u0219ciov a afirmat c\u0103 Stalin dorise s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 Complotul  cu scopul  s\u0103 \u00eenl\u0103ture conducerea de v\u00e2rf.<\/p>\n<p>[11] Birobidjan: format\u0103 \u00een 1928 cu scopul de a-i da evreilor sovietici o ba\u0219tin\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 creasc\u0103 a\u0219ez\u0103rile de-a lungul hotarelor din estul \u00eendep\u0103rtat, spa\u021biul avea statut de autonomie \u00een 1934. Influen\u021ba\u021bi de  campania de propagand\u0103 \u0219i foametea din est, 41 000 de evrei sovietici s-au mutat la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1920 \u0219i \u00eenceputul anilor 1930. Dar c\u0103tre 1938, 28 000 din ei au fugit din regiunea cu condi\u021bii dure. Se aflau \u0219coli evrei\u0219ti \u0219i sinagogi p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1940 c\u00e2nd reapare represia religioas\u0103 de dup\u0103 cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial. Guvernarea sovietic\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i dorea s\u0103-i deporteze pe to\u021bi evreii la Birobidjan p\u00e2n\u0103 la mijlocul anilor 1950. Dar \u00een 1953 Stalin a murit \u0219i deport\u0103rile au fost anulate. \u00cen ciuda unor influen\u021be idi\u0219e, inclusiv ziarul idi\u0219, activitatea cultural\u0103 evreiasc\u0103 din regiune a sc\u0103zut enorm din moment ce campaniile staliniste de  anticosmopolitanism \u0219i liberalizarea emigr\u0103rilor evreilor din 1970 au sc\u0103zut. Evreii acum formau mai pu\u021bin de 2% din popula\u021bia din regiune.<\/p>\n<p>[12] Beria, L.P.(1899-1953): Politician comunist, unul dintre principalii organizatori al arest\u0103rilor \u00een mas\u0103 \u0219i al persecu\u021biei politice dintre 1930 \u0219i 1950. Ministru al Afacerilor Interne, 1938-1953. \u00cen 1953 el a fost eliminat din Partidul Comunist \u0219i condamnat la moarte de Curtea Suprem\u0103 a URSS.<\/p>\n<p>[13] Al XX-lea Congresul de Partid: La al XX-lea Congres al Partidului Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice din 1956 Hru\u0219ciov public l-a demitizat cultul lui Stalin \u0219i a ridicat valul  de secret care era \u00een URSS \u00een timpul conducerii lui Stalin.<\/p>\n<p>[14] Hru\u0219ciov, Nichita, 1894-1971: lider sovietic comunist. Dup\u0103 moartea lui Stalin din 1953, el a devenit prim-secretar al Comitetului Central, ca rezultat \u0219eful Partidului Comunist al URSS. \u00cen 1956, \u00een timpul al XX-leaCongres de Partid, Hru\u0219coiv a f\u0103cut un pas f\u0103r\u0103 precedent \u0219i l-a denun\u021bat pe Stalin. A fost destituit  din postul de prim-secretar \u0219i conduc\u0103torul Comitetului Central.<\/p>\n<p>[15] Repartizare obligatorie \u00een URSS: Absolven\u021bii institu\u021biilor educa\u021bionale trebuiau s\u0103 lucreze \u00een mod obligatoriu 2 ani  repartiza\u021bi de institu\u021bia pe care au absolvit-o. Dup\u0103 finisarea celor doi ani de lucru tinerilor speciali\u0219ti li se permitea s\u0103 se angajeze la discre\u021bia personal\u0103 oriunde \u00ee\u0219i doreau.<\/p>\n<p>[16] Gorbaciov, Mihail, 1931-: Lider politic sovietic. Gorbaciov a devenit membru de partid \u00een 1952 \u0219i treptat s-a urcat \u00een ierarhia partiinic\u0103. \u00cen 1970 a fost ales \u00een Sovietul Suprem al URSS, unde activase p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1990. \u00cen 1980 el s-a al\u0103turat Biroului Politic \u0219i \u00een 1985 a fost desemnat secretar general de partid. \u00cen 1986 a pornit  un program complex de liberalizare politic\u0103, economic\u0103 \u0219i social\u0103 sub sloganul de glasnosti \u0219i perestroika.Guvernarea a eliberat de\u021binu\u021bii politici, a permis cre\u0219terea emigr\u0103rii, a atacat corup\u021bia \u0219i a \u00eencurajat reexaminarea critic\u0103 a istoriei sovietice. Congresul Deputa\u021bilor Poporului, fondat \u00een 1989, a votat sf\u00e2r\u0219itul controlului din partea Partidului Comunist a guvern\u0103rii \u0219i l-a ales pe Gorbaciov pre\u0219edinte executiv. Gorbaciov a dizolvat Partidul Comunist \u0219i le-a acordat Statelor baltice independe\u021ba. Respect\u00e2nd regulamentul Statelor Independete \u00een 1991, el a demisionat. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1992 Gorbaciov a condus organiza\u021bii interna\u021bionale.<\/p>\n<p>[17] Perestroika (din rus\u0103 restructurare): politica economic\u0103 \u0219i social\u0103 sovietic\u0103 de la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anilor 1980, asociat\u0103 cu numele lui Mahail Gorbaciov. Termenul \u00eensemna  tentativa de a transforma conducerea economiei \u00een stagnare \u0219i ineficient\u0103 a Uniunii Sovietice \u00een una descentralizat\u0103 \u0219i orientat\u0103 spre rela\u021biile de pia\u021b\u0103. Managerii institu\u021biilor industriale \u0219i guvernan\u021bii locali \u0219i oficialii de partid au \u00eencercat s\u0103 democratizeze Partidul Comunist. C\u0103tre 1991, perestroika a avut un declin \u0219i \u00een cur\u00e2nd  a eclipsat prin desfiin\u021barea URSS.<\/p>\n<p>[18] Glinka, Mihail Ivanovici, 1804-1857: Compozitor renumit  rus. El a compus prima oper\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103 rus\u0103, Via\u021ba \u021aarului, precum \u0219i uverture, simfonii \u0219i suite de orchestre.<\/p>\n<p>[19] Joint (Comitetul American Evreiesc Local de Distribuire): Joint a fost format \u00een 1914 prin fuziunea a trei comitete americane evreie\u0219ti de asisten\u021b\u0103 care erau \u00eengrijorate de suferin\u021bele evreilor \u00een timpul Primului R\u0103zboi Mondial. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 1944, Joint a intrat pe teritoriile eliberate ale Europei \u0219i a organizat o opera\u021bie masiv\u0103 de eliberare. Aproviziona cu m\u00e2nacre supravi\u021buitorii evrei din toat\u0103 Europa, furniza haine, c\u0103r\u021bi \u0219i rechizite \u0219colare pentru copii.Sus\u021bineau activit\u0103\u021bile culturale, aduc\u00e2nd materiale religioase pentru comunit\u0103\u021bile evreie\u0219ti. Joint conlucra cu lag\u0103rele pentru refugia\u021bi unde au organizat programe de recalificare cu scopul de a-i \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba pe oameni meserii ca ei, la r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, s\u0103 fie capabili s\u0103-\u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tige existen\u021ba, \u00een timp ce activitatea sa cultural\u0103 \u0219i religioas\u0103 a ajutat s\u0103 restabileasc\u0103 via\u021ba evreiasc\u0103. Joint de asemenea era implicat \u00een a ajuta evreii s\u0103 emigreze din Europa \u0219i \u021b\u0103rile musulmane. Joint a fost expulzat din \u021b\u0103rile Europei centrale de ani buni \u00een timpul R\u0103zboiului Rece \u0219i revenise dup\u0103 c\u0103derea comunismului. Ast\u0103zi Joint furnizeaz\u0103 programe de asisten\u021b\u0103 social\u0103 pentru supravie\u021buitorii mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 ai Holocaustului \u0219i \u00eencurajeaz\u0103 dezvoltarea \u0219i rena\u0219terea comunit\u0103\u021bilor evrei\u0219ti.<\/p>\n<p>[20] Hesed: \u00censemn\u00e2nd grij\u0103 \u0219i mil\u0103 \u00een ebraic\u0103, Hesed \u00eenseamn\u0103 organiza\u021bie de caritate fondat\u0103 de Amos Avgar la \u00eenceputul secolului al XX-lea.Joint Hesed \u00eei su\u021binea pe evreii nevoia\u0219i s\u0103 aib\u0103 o via\u021b\u0103 decent\u0103 \u00een ciuda unor condi\u021bii economice grele \u0219i \u00eencuraja dezvoltarea identit\u0103\u021bii personale. Hesed asigura un num\u0103r de servicii ce aveau drept scop sus\u021binerea tutor nevoia\u0219ilor \u0219i, \u00een special, membrii mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 ai societ\u0103\u021bii. Serviciile sociale majore includ: lucru \u00een centrele de facilit\u0103\u021bi (informa\u021bii, publicitate despre activit\u0103\u021bile centrului, leg\u0103turi str\u0103ine \u0219i \u00eenchirierea echipamentului medical); servicii la domiciliu (grij\u0103 \u0219i ajutor la domiciliu, livrarea produselor alimentare \u0219i meselor calde, repara\u021bii cosmetice); lucru \u00een comunitate (cluburi, mese comune, policlinic\u0103, consulta\u021bii juridice \u0219i de s\u0103n\u0103tate). Centrele Hesed au inspirat o revolu\u021bie \u00een via\u021ba evreiasc\u0103 \u00een \u021b\u0103rile post sovietice. Oamenii au v\u0103zut \u0219i sim\u021bit rena\u0219terea tradi\u021biilor evreie\u0219ti de umanism. Curent sunt mai mult de optzeci de centre Hesed \u00een \u021b\u0103rile post sovietice. Activit\u0103\u021bile sale acoper\u0103 popula\u021bia evreiasc\u0103 din mai mult de opt sute de a\u0219ez\u0103ri.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Moldova Zlata Tkaci este o compozitoare renumit\u0103 din Moldova. \u00cenainte de a-i face o vizit\u0103 m-am uitat \u00een Enciclopedia muzical\u0103 publicat\u0103 la Moscova \u00een 1991 unde am citit c\u0103 este autoare de opere, balet, cantate, sonate, etc. Zlata m-a \u00eent\u00e2mpinat \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00eentr-un pulover f\u0103cut de ea \u0219i o fust\u0103 milticolor\u0103. E o persoan\u0103 iute &#8230; <a title=\"Zlata Tcaci\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/interviuri\/zlata-tkach\/\" aria-label=\"Cite\u0219te mai multe despre Zlata Tcaci\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5782,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","generate_page_header":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[106,105],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7774","interviews","type-interviews","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chisinau-ro","category-republica-moldova","infinite-scroll-item"],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003.jpg",1054,700,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-300x199.jpg",300,199,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-768x510.jpg",768,510,true],"large":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003-1024x680.jpg",1024,680,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003.jpg",1054,700,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/trans-history_interviews_tkach_MOZTK003.jpg",1054,700,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"4l3x_4dm.n","author_link":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/author\/4l3x_4dm-n\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Moldova Zlata Tkaci este o compozitoare renumit\u0103 din Moldova. \u00cenainte de a-i face o vizit\u0103 m-am uitat \u00een Enciclopedia muzical\u0103 publicat\u0103 la Moscova \u00een 1991 unde am citit c\u0103 este autoare de opere, balet, cantate, sonate, etc. Zlata m-a \u00eent\u00e2mpinat \u00eembr\u0103cat\u0103 \u00eentr-un pulover f\u0103cut de ea \u0219i o fust\u0103 milticolor\u0103. E o persoan\u0103 iute&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/interviews\/7774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/interviews"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/interviews"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/interviews\/7774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12474,"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/interviews\/7774\/revisions\/12474"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transhistory.centropa.org\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}